1、Designation: F1945 05 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Practice forDetermining the Lightfastness of Ink Jet Prints Exposed toIndoor Fluorescent Lighting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers an accelerated procedure intendedto determine the lightfastness
3、 of ink jet prints in officeenvironments where overhead fluorescent light is used forillumination.1.2 This practice describes two methods based on Method IIand Method III from D4674, in which specimens are exposedto cool white VHO fluorescent lamps (Method II) and coolwhite fluorescent lamps (Method
4、 III) under controlled environ-mental conditions.1.3 Two criteria are used to determine relative lightfastness:color change and optical density.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
5、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 8.1.5 There is no known ISO equivalent standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1729 Practice for Visu
6、al Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD3424 Practice for Evaluating the Relative Lightfastnessand Weatherability of Printed MatterD4674
7、Practice forAccelerated Testing for Color Stability ofPlastics Exposed to Indoor Office EnvironmentsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG151 Practice for Exposin
8、g Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent LightApparatus forUV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials2.2 ANSI Standard3:ANSI/NAPM IT9.91990 Stability of Color PhotographicImagesMethods for MeasuringIT2.171995Annex A1 Densi
9、ty MeasurementsPart 4: Geo-metric Conditions for Reflection Density, Backing Mate-rial3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are appli-cable to this practice.3.1.2 ink jet mediasubstrates used by ink jet printers toreceive inks. The substrate may be paper, plas
10、tic, canvas,fabric, or other ink receptive material. The substrate may, ormay not be, coated with one or more ink receptive layers.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Printed ink jet media are exposed to radiant energy fromcool white fluorescent lamps. The exposure duration is basedon radiant exposure in kJ/m
11、2monitored either (1) in the UVregion between 250 and 400 nm (Method II of Test MethodD4674) or (2) in the UV/visible region between 300 and 800nm (Method III of Test Method D4674). Radiant exposure isthe product of irradiance W/m2 and the exposure time, inhours.4.2 The duration of the exposure may
12、vary widely depend-ing on the lightfastness of the ink/media and whether MethodII or Method III from Test Method D4674 was used.4.3 During the course of the exposure, the color changes andoptical densities of the printed samples are periodically evalu-ated. The color change after each period of expo
13、sure is1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.07 on Ink JetImaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition appr
14、oved in 2005 as F1945 05. DOI:10.1520/F1945-05R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3American N
15、ational Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, NewYork, 10036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1determined by comparison of the exposed specimens to unex-posed specimens, using either visual or instrumental
16、procedures, and reported as color difference, DE.The change inoptical density is determined instrumentally and reported aspercent retained density. Results are compared with changes ina control specimen exposed at the same time.4.4 Exposures are conducted for a duration agreed upon byall interested
17、parties. Test and control specimens are periodi-cally removed for color measurement and optical density.5. Significance and Use5.1 Lightfastness of printed ink jet media for specifiedperiods of time is pertinent to the end use of these materials.Since the ability of ink jet prints to withstand color
18、 changes isa function of the spectral power distribution of the light sourceto which it is exposed, it is important that lightfastness beassessed under the conditions appropriate to the end useapplication. While ink jet prints may be handled and displayedunder a variety of conditions, this practice
19、is intended toproduce the color changes that may occur in ink jet prints uponexposure to irradiation from office lighting where overheadfluorescent light is used for illumination by simulating theseconditions.5.2 The accelerated procedures covered in this practice areintended to provide a means for
20、the rapid evaluation of therelative lightfastness of a series of prints or of a print of interestin comparison to the performance of controls with knownlightfastness exposed simultaneously under laboratory condi-tions. Test results are useful for specification acceptancebetween producer and user, fo
21、r quality control, and for researchand product development.NOTE 1Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicableto all laboratory weathering devices.Additional information on sources ofvariability and on strategies for addressing variability by design and dataanalysis of laboratory ac
22、celerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.5.3 Variation in results may be expected when operatingconditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice.For example, differences in the level of irradiance using lampswith the same spectral power distribution can cause significantdiffe
23、rences in test results. Therefore, no reference to the use ofthis practice should be made unless accompanied by a reportprepared in accordance with Section 12 which specifieswhether Test Method D4674 Method II or Method III was usedand which describes the specific operating conditions used.NOTE 2A c
24、omparison of the two listed methods has not beenperformed. Therefore, the two methods cannot be considered to giveequivalent test results unless tests have been carried out to show that thetwo methods provide the same stability rankings, i.e., the same relativestabilities for different ink jet print
25、s. Also, exposure times for equivalentchanges in color and optical densities by the two methods has not beendetermined.5.4 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories us-ing the same method (e.g., Method II or Method III of TestMethod D4674) has been shown to be good when the stabilityof ma
26、terials is evaluated in terms of performance rankingcompared to other materials or to a control. Therefore, expo-sure of a similar material of known performance (a control) atthe same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. Itis recommended that at least three replicates of each material
27、be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results.5.5 Color changes may not be a linear function of durationof exposure. The preferred method of determining lightfastnessis to expose the prints for a number of intervals and to assessthe exposure duration required to obtain a specific colorch
28、ange.6. Interferences6.1 It is recognized that the rate of photo degradation of inkjet prints will vary significantly due to factors such as initialcolor density, the area printed (solid versus half-tone), thesubstrate, the ink type (dye versus pigment inks), and thecoating type and thickness. Conse
29、quently, test results must bedetermined individually for each printed ink jet media.6.2 Variations in exposure time, temperature and humiditymay also affect results.7. Apparatus7.1 Use Fluorescent UV test apparatus that conform to therequirements specified in either Method II of Test MethodD4674 or
30、in Method III of Test Method D4674.7.1.1 For Method III of Test Method D4674, use a testapparatus that complies with Practice G154.7.2 The spectral distribution of the cool white lamps shallcomply with the requirements given in Annex A2 of TestMethod D4674.7.3 Instrument CalibrationTo ensure standar
31、dization andaccuracy, the instruments associated with the exposure appa-ratus (for example, timers, thermometers, humidity sensors,UV sensors, and radiometers) require periodic calibration toensure repeatability of test results. Whenever possible, calibra-tion shall be traceable to national or inter
32、national standards.Calibration schedule and procedure should be in accordancewith manufacturers instructions.8. Safety Precautions8.1 Follow the safety instructions in accordance with themanufacturers instructions and also described in Test MethodD4674, Section 7, Hazards.9. Test Specimen9.1 The sub
33、strate, method of printing, ink, ink laydown, andhandling of printed specimens shall be consistent with theanticipated end use of the specimens.9.2 The test image may be generated with personal com-puter word processing, drawing/graphics, or page layoutsoftware, saved as a print file for each printe
34、r/method ofprinting (contributing its unique ink and ink/receiver interac-tions that may impact on the image light stability), trial-printed,and evaluated for appropriate ink laydown (purity and amount)and ease of printing and testing. Each print file should have itsfilename, type, and version ident
35、ified in the image area and aplace for experimental notes (for example, time, printer,environmental conditions, operator). The printer settings and atrial print of each print file version should be archived.F1945 05 (2011)29.3 The recommended test image shall consist of a stan-dardized arrangement o
36、f color patches printed using print filescontaining the appropriate printer setup specific for eachapplication. This test image shall contain color patches atmaximum print density (100 % fill) for each of the primarycolors (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), secondary colors(red, green, blue), and c
37、omposite black (cyan plus magentayellow). In addition, since lightfastness may vary as a functionof print density, low optical density patches are recommendedto test the lightfastness of binary images of discrete ink spots.A step wedge containing patches with a range of opticaldensities (for example
38、 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % fill) maybe useful for this test.9.4 For visual examination, the specimen size as indicatedin Practice D1729 is a minimum of 312 by 612 in. (90 by 165mm). For instrumental evaluation, the specimen must be largeenough to cover the specimen port; a minimum size of 1.25 in.
39、 1.25 in. (35 mm 35 mm) is satisfactory for manyinstruments.9.5 For comparison of the exposed specimens with unex-posed specimens, prepare and/or measure the latter in thefollowing manner:9.5.1 For visually evaluated tests, set aside a replicate printor cut off a segment of suitable size; store in a
40、 dark, dry place.9.5.2 For instrumentally evaluated tests, make color mea-surements on the relevant specimen area(s) prior to exposure.NOTE 3The unexposed file specimen should not be a maskedspecimen. Even though shielded from radiation, some materials mayundergo color changes, due to the heat or mo
41、isture present during the test.9.6 Test prints on opaque substrates do not require backingmaterial and shall be tested in accordance with their intendeduse. Transparencies shall be backed with a white backingmaterial. Translucent substrates shall be backed with a diffuseblack backing material with a
42、n image density of 1.5 6 0.2 asdescribed in ANSI IT2.171995 Annex A1.10. Conditioning10.1 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 25Cand 45 % RH for at least 24 h prior to testing. Specimensshould be visually inspected for color uniformity and surfaceirregularities, which could adversely af
43、fect color measurement.11. Procedure11.1 Perform the test in accordance with Test MethodD4674, Method II or Method III.11.2 Test Method D4674 Method II.11.2.1 Locate the apparatus in an area maintained between18C and 27C. Maintain chamber air temperature between30C and 40C. If the chamber air temper
44、ature exceeds 40C,the device must be shut off and the cause for the hightemperature corrected before exposures can continue.11.2.2 Operate the device for at least 20 minutes, thenrecord the UV irradiance, (CWE(UV)inW/m2, 250-400 nm).Calculate the exposure time (CWt) necessary for the desiredcool whi
45、te UV radiant exposure as described in section 11.5.11.3 Test Method D4674, Method III11.3.1 Operate the equipment to maintain an uninsulatedBlack Panel temperature of 50C.11.3.2 In devices that automatically control irradiance, setthe irradiance level for the cool white fluorescent lamps to 44W/m2a
46、t 300-800 nm (15 klux). Calculate the exposure time(CWt) necessary for the desired cool white UV/visible radiantexposure as described in section 11.5. For example, for CWE=44W/m2at 300-800 nm and CWH= 158 106 J/m2at300-800 nm, the time in hours is 1000 (158 106/44 3600).11.3.3 In devices that do not
47、 automatically controlirradiance, measure irradiance before and after exposure anduse the average irradiance.NOTE 4Information developed by Committee G03 on allowed opera-tional fluctuations of the set points and guidance for measuring uniformityconditions in the test chamber is published in Practic
48、e G151 Annexes.NOTE 5Since these tests are timed by radiant exposure, the aboveformulas specified in section 11.5 for determining exposure time assumesthat reciprocity, i.e., the color change for the same radiant exposure atdifferent irradiance levels, applies to all ink jet prints tested.11.4 Speci
49、men RepositioningPeriodic repositioning of thespecimens during exposure is not necessary if the irradiance atthe positions farthest from the center of the specimen area is atleast 90 % of that measured at the center of the exposure area.Irradiance uniformity shall be determined in accordance withPractice G15111.5 Duration of ExposureConduct exposures for theradiant exposure a total duration agreed upon by contractingparties based on UV radiant exposure for Test Method D4674Method II and UV/visible radiant exposure for Test MethodD4674 Method III. Th
