1、Designation: F 1939 07Standard Test Method forRadiant Heat Resistance of Flame Resistant ClothingMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method rates the non-steady state thermalresistance or insulating characteristics of flame resistant cloth-ing
3、materials subjected to a continuous, standardized radiantheat exposure.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to clothing materialsthat are not flame resistant.NOTE 1The determination of a clothing materials flame resistanceshall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicablep
4、erformance standard, specification standard, or both, for the clothingmaterials end-use.1.1.2 This test method does not predict skin burn injuryfrom the standardized radiant heat exposure as it does notaccount for the thermal energy contained in the test specimenafter the exposure has ceased.NOTE 2S
5、ee Appendix X4 for additional information regarding thistest method and predicted skin burn injury.1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fir
6、e hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in brackets are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonlyused for thermal testing.1.4
7、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docum
8、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD 3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricE 457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capaci
9、tance (Slug) CalorimeterF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 ASTM Special Technical Publication: ASTM Report,“ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc Test Method De-velopments to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric; ASTMF18.65.01 Testing Group Report on Arc Testing Analysis of theF195
10、9 Standard Test Method-Phase I”ASTM Manual 12 Manual on the Use of Thermocouples inTemperature Measurement3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 break-open, nin testing thermal protective materi-als, a material response evidenced by the formation of a hole inthe test specimen during the thermal exposur
11、e that may resultin the exposure energy in direct contact with the heat sensor.3.1.2 charring, nthe formation of a carbonaceous residueas the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.3 dripping, na material response evidenced by flow-ing of the polymer.3.1.4 embrittlement, nthe formation of
12、a brittle residue asa result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.5 heat flux, nthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and time;kW/m2cal/cm2s.3.1.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.1.7 melting, na material response evidenced by soften-ing of
13、the polymer.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previ
14、ous edition approved in 1999 as F 1939 - 99a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.8 non-steady state thermal resistance, nin testing ofthermal protective materials, a quantity expressed as thetime-dependent difference between the incident and exitingthermal energy values normal
16、to and across two definedparallel surfaces of an exposed thermal insulative material.3.1.9 radiant heat resistance (RHR), nin testing of ther-mal protective materials, the cumulative amount of thermalexposure energy identified by the intersection of the measuredtime-dependent heat transfer response
17、through the subjectmaterial to a time-dependent, empirical performance curve,expressed as a rating or value; kJ/m2cal/cm2.3.1.10 response to heat exposure, nin testing the thermalresistance of thermal protective materials, the observableresponse of the material to the energy exposure as indicated by
18、break-open, melting, dripping, charring, embrittlement, shrink-age, sticking, and ignition.3.1.11 shrinkage, na decrease in one or more dimensionsof an object or material.3.1.12 sticking, na material response evidenced by soft-ening and adherence of the material to the surface of itself oranother ma
19、terial.3.1.13 For the definitions of protective clothing terms usedin this method, refer to Terminology F 1494, and for othertextile terms used in this method, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A vertically positioned test specimen is exposed to aradiant heat source with an exp
20、osure heat flux of either (a)21kW/m20.5 cal/cm2s or (b) 84 kW/m22 cal/cm2s .NOTE 3Other exposure heat flux values are allowed. The test facilityshall verify the stability of the exposure level over the materials exposuretime interval (used to determine the radiant heat resistance value) andinclude t
21、his in the test results report.4.2 The transfer of heat through the test specimen ismeasured using a copper slug calorimeter. The change intemperature versus time is used, along with the known thermo-physical properties of copper to determine the respectivethermal energy delivered.4.3 A Radiant Heat
22、 Resistance rating of the test specimen isdetermined as the intersection of the time-dependent cumula-tive radiant heat response as measured by the calorimeter to atime-dependent, empirical performance curve identified in10.9.4.4 Subjective observations of the thermal response oftested specimens are
23、 optionally noted.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of theradiant heat resistance value of a material, a combination ofmaterials, or a comparison of different materials used in flameresistant clothing for workers exposed to radiant thermalhazards.5.2 This
24、test method evaluates a materials heat transferproperties when exposed to a continuous and constant radiantheat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen andaround the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferreddue to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing the airmovement around t
25、he specimen and test apparatus will aid inthe repeatability of the results.5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static,vertical position and does not involve movement, except thatresulting from the exposure.5.4 This test method specifies two standard sets of exposureconditions: 21 kW/m20
26、.5 cal/cm2s and 84 kW/m22.0 cal/cm2s. Either can be used.5.4.1 If a different set of exposure conditions is used, it islikely that different results will be obtained.5.4.2 The optional use of other conditions representative ofthe expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposureconditions
27、, is permitted. However, the exposure conditionsused must be reported with the results along with a determi-nation of the exposure energy level stability.5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury fromthe standardized radiant heat exposure.NOTE 4See Appendix X4 for additional information
28、 regarding thistest method and predicted skin burn injury.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 General ArrangementThe apparatus consists of avertically oriented radiant heat source, specimen holder assem-bly, protective shutter, sensor assembly, and data acquisition/analysis system. The general arrangement
29、 of the radiant heatsource, specimen holder, and protective shutter of a suitableapparatus is shown in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Radiant Heat SourceA suitable, vertically orientedradiant heat source is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a bank offive, 500 W infrared, tubular, translucent quartz lamps havinga 127-mm
30、 5.0-in. lighted length and a mean overall length of222 mm 834 in. The lamps are mounted on 9.5 6 0.4-mm38 6164-in. centers so that the lamp surfaces are approxi-mately 0.4-mm 164-in. apart. The bank or array of lamps aremounted and centered behind a 63.5 by 140-mm 212 by 512-in. cut-out that is pos
31、itioned in the center of a 12.7-mm12-in. thick, 86-mm 338-in. wide, by 292-mm 1112-in.long high temperature insulating board as shown in Fig. 2. Thequartz lamps shall be heated electrically, and the power inputcontrolled by means of a rheostat or variable power supplyhaving a capacity of at least 25
32、A.6.1.1.1 Setting and monitoring the voltmeter readout on avoltage-controlled variable power supply is one method tocalibrate and monitor the exposure level during the testing ona system so equipped. A voltmeter, accurate to 61V,istypically installed with the appropriate load circuit to indicatelamp
33、 operating power.6.1.1.2 Any covers or guards installed on the quartz lampassembly shall be designed such that any convective energygenerated is not allowed to impinge on the sample specimen(vertical, umimpeded ventilation is required.)NOTE 5Radiant measurement systems designed with closed lampassem
34、bly covers and covers with minimal ventilation have been found toexhibit large measurement biases in round robin testing.F1939072FIG. 1 General Expanded View of a Compliant Radiant Resistance Performance Test Apparatus (See Figures 2, 3, and 4 for specificitem details.)FIG. 2 Detailed View of Positi
35、on of Quartz Lamps on Thermal Insulating BoardF1939073NOTE 6Transite monolithic, non-asbestos fiber cement board3,4hasbeen found to be effective as a high temperature insulating board.6.1.2 Specimen Holder AssemblyA specimen holder andholder plate with a 64 by 152-mm 212 by 6-in. center cut-outis po
36、sitioned so that the distance from the nearest lamp surfaceto the test specimen is 25.4 6 0.4 mm 1.0 6164 in. The rearholder plate thickness is 0.9 6 0.05 mm 0.036 6 0.002 in.and includes a bracket to hold the copper calorimeter sensorassembly. This rear plate holds the specimen in place so that itc
37、overs the complete cutout section (see typical designs shownin Figs. 3 and 4). Several specimen holders are recommendedto facilitate testing.NOTE 7The copper calorimeter sensor assembly holder plate bracketis constructed such that the calorimeter assembly is in a reproducible fixedvertical position
38、when installed and is held flush and rigidly against therear holder plate.6.1.3 Protective ShutterA protective shutter, as shown inFig. 3, is placed between the radiant energy source and thespecimen. The protective shutter blocks the radiant energy justprior to the exposure of a specimen. Manual or
39、mechanicallyoperated shutter designs are allowed with and without water-cooling.6.1.4 Rheostat or Variable Power SupplyA standard labo-ratory rheostat or appropriate power supply with a capacity ofat least 25 A, which is capable of controlling the outputintensity of the tubes over the range specifie
40、d in 4.1.6.1.5 SensorThe radiant heat sensor is a 4 6 0.05 cmdiameter circular copper slug calorimeter constructed fromelectrical grade copper with a mass of 18 6 0.05 g (prior todrilling) with a single iron-constantan (ANSI Type J) thermo-couple wire bead (0.254 mm wire diameter or finerequivalent
41、to 30 AWG) installed as identified in 6.1.5.2 andshown in Fig. 5 (see Test Method E 457 for informationregarding slug calorimeters). The sensor holder shall be con-structed from non-conductive heat resistant material with athermal conductivity value of#0.15 W/mK, high temperaturestability, and resis
42、tance to thermal shock. The board shall benominally 1.3 cm 0.5 in. or greater in thickness and meet thespecimen holder assembly requirements of 6.1.2. The sensor isheld into the recess of the board using three straight pins,trimmed to a nominal length of 5 mm, by placing themequidistant around the e
43、dge of the sensor so that the heads ofthe pins hold the sensor flush to the surface.6.1.5.1 Paint the exposed surface of the copper slug calo-rimeters with a thin coating of a flat black high temperaturespray paint with an absorptivity of 0.9 or greater.4,5The paintedsensor must be dried and cured,
44、in accordance with themanufacturers instructions, before use and present a uniformlyapplied coating (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities).In the absence of manufacturers instructions, an external heatsource (for example, an external heat lamp), shall be used tocompletely drive off any re
45、maining organic carriers in a freshlypainted surface before use.NOTE 8Absorptivity of painted calorimeters is discussed in theASTM Report, “ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc Test MethodDevelopment to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric; ASTM F18.65.01Testing Group Report on Arc Testing Analysis
46、of the F1959 Standard TestMethodPhase I.”6.1.5.2 The thermocouple wire is installed in the calorimeteras shown in Fig. 5.(1) The thermocouple wire shall be bonded to the copperdisk either mechanically or by using high melting point (HMP)solder.6.1.5.3 A mechanical bond shall be produced by mechani-c
47、ally deforming the copper disk material (utilizing a copperfilling slug as shown in Fig. 5) around the thermocouple bead.6.1.5.4 A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitableHMP solder with a melting temperature of 280C.NOTE 9HMP solders consisting of 5 % Sb-95 %Pb (307C meltingpoint) and 5 %S
48、b-93.5 %Pb-1.5 %Ag (300C melting point) have beenfound to be suitable. The 280C temperature minimum identified abovecorresponds to the point where melting of the solder bond would beexperienced with an 17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m2heat flux to aprepared copper calorimeter with a surface area of
49、12.57 cm2and a massof 18.0 grams. A careful soldering technique is required to avoid “cold”solder joints (where the solder has not formed a suitable bond of thethermocouple to the copper disk).6.1.6 Data Acquisition/Analysis SystemA dataacquisition/analysis system is required that is capable ofrecording the calorimeter temperature response, calculating theresulting thermal energy, and determining the test endpoint bycomparing the time-dependent thermal energy transfer readingto the empirical per
