1、Designation: F1872 12Standard Guide forUse of Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents: Environmentaland Operational Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of chemical cleaning agentson oiled shorelines. This guide is not applicable t
3、o otherchemical agents nor to the use of such products in open waters.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide information thatwill enable spill responders to decide whether to use chemicalshoreline cleaning agents as part of the oil spill cleanupresponse.1.3 This is a general guide only. It is a
4、ssumed that condi-tions at the spill site have been assessed and that theseconditions are suitable for the use of cleaning agents. It isassumed that permission has been obtained to use the chemicalagents. Variations in the behavior of different types of oil arenot dealt with in this guide and may ch
5、ange some of theparameters noted herein.1.4 This guide covers two different types of shorelinecleaners: those that disperse oil into the water and those thatdisperse little oil into the water under low energy levels. Theselection criteria for these two types can differ widely. Thisguide does not cov
6、er dispersants.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
7、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess OilingConditions on Shorelines3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is primarily inten
8、ded to assist decision-makers and spill-responders in contingency planning, spillresponse, and training.3.2 This guide is not specific to site or type of oil.4. Background4.1 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are formulationsdesigned to be applied to oil and to remove oil from theshoreline above th
9、e low water line.4.2 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are generally useddifferently from chemical dispersants, which are used to treatoil spills in offshore waters.4.3 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are sometimesknown as surface washing agents, shoreline cleaners, or beachcleaners.4.4 The basi
10、c application method for shoreline cleaningagents is to spray the product onto the oil and leave the agentto penetrate the oil and then either flush away the oil or let arising tide wash it away. The oil may be washed directly intocontainment areas for recovery (1).34.5 The fundamental advantage of
11、using a shoreline clean-ing agent is that oil can be removed rapidly without usingexcessive temperatures or pressures, which can be harmful tobiota on and in shorelines (1-3).4.6 Laboratory effectiveness tests have been developed andmany products have been tested (1, 4, 5). Field effectivenesstests
12、have been developed (1).4.7 Laboratory testing shows that effectiveness may differ insaltwater and freshwater (1).4.8 There are differences in action mechanisms betweendispersants and shoreline cleaning agents. Composition of thetwo products differ (1, 6).4.9 Before specialized products were develop
13、ed, dispersantswere used as shoreline cleaning agents with varying results (7).4.10 The aquatic toxicity of the treating agents varieswidely and is a factor in choosing products (1, 8).4.11 The amount of oil dispersed into water primarilydepends on energy used to remove the oil from the substrate,es
14、pecially for dispersing shoreline treating agents. The energy1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published January 2012. Or
15、iginallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1872-05. DOI:10.1520/F1872-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
16、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.level is difficult to measure, but may be estimated
17、 fromindicators such as the pressure of the rinse water (1).4.12 The ease of oil removal from a beach depends verymuch on the type of oil, its degree of weathering and the typeof beach. For example, a highly-weathered oil is difficult toremove by any means (1, 2).5. General Considerations for Using
18、Chemical ShorelineCleaning Agents5.1 Two basic types of shoreline cleaners are available:those that disperse oil into the water column, and those thatdisperse little oil into the water column at low energy levels.5.2 Considerations for the use of shoreline cleaning agentsthat disperse are the same a
19、s those for using dispersants in thespecific habitat.5.3 Shoreline cleaning agents that do not disperse have verylittle impact on the water column.5.4 Regulatory authorities may have additional criteria andregulations regarding the acceptability and use of shorelinecleaning agents.5.5 Shoreline trea
20、ting agents should be used in accordancewith manufacturers recommendations.5.6 The decision of whether to use or not to use shorelinecleaning agents always involves tradeoffs. Using a non-dispersing shoreline cleaning agent moves oil out onto thewater where it must be recovered. Using a dispersing c
21、leaningagent moves oil into the water column. Therefore, adverseeffects on water organisms may be increased in the watercolumn (in the case of a dispersing agent) by removing it fromthe shoreline.5.7 Shoreline cleaning agents are used primarily as acleanup method and not as a spill control method. S
22、ince someshorelines are more vulnerable to the longer lasting impacts ofspilled oil, an acceptable tradeoff may be to protect thesesensitive environments by removing the oil and either recov-ering it or putting it into a less sensitive environment. Whendispersing-type agents are used, the tradeoff t
23、hat must beevaluated is the long-term impact of the residence time ofspilled oil that is stranded on shorelines as opposed to theshort-term impact of the presence of dispersed oil in the watercolumn. For non-dispersing agents, the trade-off that must beevaluated is the difficulty of recovering the r
24、eleased oil versusthe impact of the long residence time of spilled oil that isstranded on shorelines and the possibility of re-oiling adjacentshoreline.5.8 It has been found that some shoreline cleaning agentsare equally effective in fresh and salt water, while others arenot. The salinity of the wat
25、er involved may therefore be afactor, and the effectiveness of the particular product in thatsalinity (1).6. Environments Covered6.1 Shorelines GenerallyShorelines vary extensively intheir composition and their retention of oil (Guide F1686).Several classification schemes are available for oiled sho
26、relinesas well as guides to other cleanup methods (10, 11).6.2 SeagrassesSeagrass-dominated shorelines can befound in shallow marine environments from the tropics toArctic regions. Seagrass beds form a discreet ecosystem thattraps material derived from terrestrial sources and then exportslarge quant
27、ities of organic matter to the open sea. The presenceof an extensive network of roots and rhizomes facilitates notonly the sediment-binding of the grass beds but also thetransport of materials back out to sea. Oil can adhere to theseagrasses and cause damage.6.3 MangrovesMangrove ecosystems are inte
28、rtidal forestsdominated by various species of woody halophytes, commonlycalled mangroves. There are 12 families and more than 54species of mangroves. Mangrove ecosystems occur in tropicallow-energy depositional areas. Mangroves tend to promote thedeposition of organic and mineral matter and their ex
29、tensiveroot systems are important in stabilizing intertidal sediments.They are important ecologically as they provide the structuralbasis for many species of animals and plants. Mangroves areparticularly prone to damage from oiling as they have respira-tory openings on roots that can be clogged (11)
30、.6.4 Tidal FlatsTidal flats are usually broad intertidal areasof unconsolidated sediments that have little slope and areusually protected from direct wave action. They are composedof sediments of varying characteristic grain size depending onthe amount of wave and current energy present. Tidal flats
31、 maybe covered by seagrasses, marsh grass, or mangroves, theenvironments which are discussed elsewhere in this guide.Tidal flats are important to the coastal ecosystem because ofthe high biological productivity. Oil retention on tidal flats islargely transitory and oil will often be carried to the s
32、upra-tidalregions.6.5 Sandy ShorelinesSandy shorelines are composed ofsediments ranging from 0.06 to 2.0 mm in size. The composi-tion of the sand itself may vary, but it is usually either siliceousor carbonate. The character of the sediment may be a signifi-cant factor in oil retention as oil adhere
33、s differently to differenttypes of materials. Wave action can change the profile of asandy beach and can bury or cover oil.6.6 Gravel ShorelinesGravel shorelines are composed ofsediments ranging in size from 2.0 to 63 mm. The materials areusually a mixture of minerals with a variety of oil retention
34、properties. Gravel shorelines are dynamic and sometimeschange in profile. They can retain large amounts of oil whichmay be buried under clean beach material as a result of waveaction. The dynamic nature of the gravel beach depends on itsexposure. Sheltered gravel shorelines are relatively stable,whe
35、reas the gravel on exposed shorelines may be continuouslyre-distributed.6.7 Cobble ShorelinesCobble shorelines are composed ofmaterials ranging from 64 to 256 mm. Cobble shorelines arerelatively stable, unless the beach is exposed to high seas.Cobble shorelines will retain the most oil of all types
36、ofshorelines because of the large interstitial spaces.6.8 Boulder/Rocky ShorelinesBoulder or rocky shorelinesare composed of materials larger than 256 mm (boulders) orbedrock. Despite the large interstitial spaces, they do not retainas much oil as cobble shorelines, generally because theinterstitial
37、 spaces are large enough to permit run-off. Retentionis much greater, however, than that for several other types ofshorelines. The slope of the shore can range from vertical rockwall to a gently sloping or nearly flat platform. The nature ofF1872 122the entire intertidal environment is controlled pr
38、imarily by thewave energy. Similarly, the biological abundance usuallycorresponds to the energy regime. High-energy shorelinestypically have less biota than low-energy shorelines. Theretention of oils varies with the energy. High-energy shorelinesare generally self-cleaning.6.9 Coastal Saltwater Mar
39、shesCoastal saltwater marshesare intertidal wetlands, transitional zones between terrestrialand aquatic ecosystems. Saltwater marshes are generallyformed when plants invade shallow, protected tidal flats on lowcoastal lands. Typically, soil immersion occurs during abouthalf of the tidal cycle. Saltw
40、ater marshes are low-energyenvironments in which oil is generally trapped and retained.Saltwater marshes are very important ecologically and gener-ally are very fragile environments.6.10 Freshwater MarshesFreshwater marshes are theequivalent of saltwater marshes and are generally found at thefringe
41、of a lake or river. Retention of oil is again high and dueto the low energy, self-cleaning is minimal.6.11 Ponds and SloughsPonds and sloughs are freshwaterbodies that have little or no water circulation. These waterbodies are characterized by high-oil retentivity as often there isdense vegetation t
42、hat can retain oil.6.12 Lake ShoresLakes are freshwater bodies that canhave shorelines very similar to sea shores.6.13 River ShoresRiver shores may be similar to their seashore counterparts. Specific types should be compared to thatof sea shores.6.14 Man-Made StructuresMan-made structures includepie
43、rs, docks, breakwaters, boat ramps, dykes, etc. The reten-tivity and porosity of such structures vary with the type ofconstruction material.7. General Operational and EnvironmentalConsiderations for Use of Shoreline Cleaning Agents7.1 The environmental tradeoff between leaving the oil onthe shorelin
44、e or removing it by perhaps more intrusive means,and the use of the treating agent is the primary consideration.The use of dispersing shoreline cleaning agents involves theadditional consideration of the fate and effects of the oil in theaquatic environment.7.2 The aquatic toxicity of the treating a
45、gent and the oil is ofconcern for dispersing shoreline cleaning agents. These typesof shoreline cleaning agents require the same considerations asnoted for dispersants in the Referenced Documents.7.3 The effectiveness of a shoreline cleaning agent may notbe the same in fresh water as in salt water.7
46、.4 Non-dispersing shoreline cleaning agents are usuallyused to remove oil from the shoreline and the oil is thenrecovered. The oil spill recovery potential off a given shorelinemust then be considered.7.5 An agent is most effective when it has ample time topenetrate into the oil. Thirty minutes, one
47、 hour, or more ofsoaking or penetration time are recommended (1).7.6 After treatment, the oil may be removed using low-pressure and ambient-temperature water (1, 2).8. Considerations for Specific Types of Environment8.1 Shorelines GenerallySince shorelines vary exten-sively in sensitivity, oil reten
48、tivity, and environmental impor-tance, a general recommendation cannot be made. Each spe-cific environment should be considered separately. Animportant consideration is the net environmental benefit ofusing the chemical beach cleaner versus leaving the oil on theshoreline or using other cleanup meth
49、ods.8.2 SeagrassesSeagrasses can be treated with shorelinecleaning agents to remove oil. The agents toxicity to theseagrass should be assessed before usage. Testing of sometypes of treating agents have shown relatively good success.Care must be taken to avoid physically disturbing the seagrasses during the cleanup operations, which can do moredamage than the oil (12-14).8.3 MangrovesOil can be removed from the extensiveroot system using shoreline treating agents, which may savethe mangroves or significantly reduce damage to them. Accessto perform the operations may
