1、Designation: F 1550 05Standard Test Method forDetermination of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics ofComponents or Composites of Mattresses or Furniture forUse in Correctional Facilities after Exposure to Vandalism,by Employing a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1This standard is issued under
2、 the fixed designation F 1550; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since t
3、he last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIn correctional occupancies, vandalism of mattresses or furniture occurs with significant frequency.After such vandalism, it is possible that the filling material (foam or other padding) of the mattress orfurniture becomes exposed. If the mattress or furnit
4、ure filling material is exposed, it is possible for aproduct which meets prescribed fire-test-response characteristics in its intact state to perform in adecidedly less satisfactory manner. This standard test method provides a means for measuring, inbench scale, fire-test-response characteristics of
5、 composite upholstered components of mattresses orfurniture, for use in correctional facilities, after having been vandalized in a prescribed manner so asto expose the filling material, using an oxygen consumption calorimeter.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method is designed for use todete
6、rmine various fire-test-response characteristics, includingignitability and heat release rate, from composites of mat-tresses or furniture, or correctional facilities, which have beenvandalized in a prescribed manner to expose the fillingmaterial, by using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorim-et
7、er.1.2 This test method provides for measurements of the timeto sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heatrelease, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiantheat flux of 35 kW/m2. See 5.7 for limitations.1.3 The apparatus used in this test method is also capable ofdetermin
8、ing heat release data at different heat fluxes.1.4 The specimen is oriented horizontally and a sparkignition source is used.1.5 All fire-test-response characteristics are determined us-ing the apparatus and the procedures described in Test MethodE 1354.1.6 The tests are done on bench-scale specimens
9、 combiningthe mattress or furniture outer layer components. Frameelements are not included.1.7 The vandalism is simulated by causing a prescribed cuton the outer layer of the composite, deep enough to expose thefilling material to the incident radiation.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be re
10、garded as thestandard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assembl
11、ies underactual fire conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
12、ions prior to use. For specific safetyprecautions, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F33
13、onDetention and Correctional Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee F33.05 on Furnishings and Equipment.Current edition approved May 15, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1550 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi
14、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
15、2959, United States.Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of U
16、pholstered Furni-tureE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabularyISO 4880 Burning Behavior of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabulary2.3 California Bureau of Home Furnishings and ThermalInsulation Standards:4CA Technical Bulletin 129 (October 199
17、2), FlammabilityTest Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public BuildingsCA Technical Bulletin 133 (January 1991). FlammabilityTest Procedure for Seating Furniture for Use in PublicOccupancies3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fir
18、e issues, refer to the terminology containedin Terminology E 176 and in ISO 13943. In case of conflict, theterminology in Terminology E 176 shall prevail.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with textile issues, refer to the terminology con-tained in Terminology D 12
19、3 and in ISO 4880. In case ofconflict, the terminology in Terminology D 123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 effective heat of combustion, nmeasured heat releasedivided by the mass loss for a specified time period.3.2.2 heat release rate, nheat evolved from the
20、specimen,expressed per unit area of exposed specimen area per unit oftime.3.2.3 heating flux, nprescribed incident flux imposedexternally from the heater onto the specimen at the initiation ofthe test.3.2.4 ignitability, npropensity for ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming at a spec
21、ified heating flux.3.2.5 mattress, nmattress is a ticking (outermost layer offabric or related material) filled with a resilient material usedalone or in combination with other products intended orpromoted for sleeping upon.3.2.6 net heat of combustion, noxygen bomb calorimetervalue for the heat of
22、combustion, corrected for the gaseousstate of product water.3.2.7 orientation, nplane in which the exposed face of thespecimen is located during testing, which is horizontal facingup for this test.3.2.8 oxygen consumption principle, nexpression of therelationship between the mass of oxygen consumed
23、duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2.9 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.2.10 upholstered, ncovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the ob
24、servation that,generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion (1).5Approxi-mately 13.1 3 103kJ of energy are released as heat for each kgof oxygen consumed. Specimens in the test are burned inambient air conditions, while being subjected to a
25、 prescribedexternal heating flux of 35 kW/m2.4.2 The heat release is determined by the measurement ofthe oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen con-centration and the flow rate in the combustion product stream,as described in Test Method E 1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concen
26、trationand exhaust gas flow rate, used to calculate heat release.Additional measurements include the mass loss rate of thespecimen, the time to sustained flaming, and the effective heatof combustion. Ignitability is determined by measuring thetime for initial exposure to time of sustained flaming of
27、 thespecimen.4.4 In order to simulate vandalism, the outer layers of thecomposite to be tested are cut across the surface, in the form ofan X, to expose the interior filling material.4.5 The procedure in this test method is identical to that inTest Method E 1474, except for the slashing of the surfa
28、ce ofthe specimen prior to testing.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to determine variousfire-test-response characteristics, including the time to sus-tained flaming and the heat release rate, of composites exposedto a prescribed heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus
29、, afterthey have been vandalized in a prescribed manner, to exposethe filling material.5.2 It is clearly impossible to predict the manner in which amattress or furniture will be vandalized. The objective of thistest method is to develop data indicating the effect of violatingthe integrity of the fab
30、ric (or fabric-interliner) protection andexposing the padding to the source of heat (see Appendix X3).5.3 Quantitative heat release measurements provide infor-mation which is useful for product design and product devel-opment, for mattresses or furniture destined for correctionaloccupancies.5.4 Heat
31、 release measurements provide useful informationfor product development by giving a quantitative measure ofspecific changes in fire performance caused by component andcomposite modifications. Heat release data from this methodwill not be predictive of product behavior if the product will3Available f
32、rom International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-tion, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange GroveAvenue, North Highlands, CA
33、95660-5595.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.F1550052not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposureconditions of interest.5.5 The use of test specimens simulating vandalism allowsthe investigation of the variation in response b
34、etween thesystem as designed by the manufacturer and the way thesystem is occasionally present in actual use, with the fillingmaterial exposed to the incident energy.5.6 This test method allows alternative strategies to beemployed for producing a product (mattress or upholsteredfurniture) with the r
35、equired fire-test-response characteristicsfor the scenario under consideration.5.7 Limitations:5.7.1 The test data are invalid if any of the events in 5.7.1.1or 5.7.1.2 occur.5.7.1.1 Explosive spalling.5.7.1.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition totouch the spark plug or swells up to
36、the plane of the heater baseduring combustion.5.7.2 This test method is not applicable to ignition bycigarettes, or by any other smoldering source.5.7.3 The ignition source in this test method is a radiantenergy source of relatively high intensity (35 kW/m incidentflux). It has been shown that this
37、source models well, forfurniture composites, a full scale source equivalent to fivesheets of newspaper (2). It has also been shown that uphol-stered furniture and mattresses, particularly in public occupan-cies, are, on occasion, involved in fires after exposure toflaming ignition sources, However,
38、it is not known whatfraction of actual flaming mattress or furniture fires occur withignitions more or less intense than the one modeled here.5.7.4 It is not known whether the results of this test methodwill be equally valid when it is carried out under conditionsdifferent from the specified ones. I
39、n particular, it is unclearwhether the use of a different ignition source, or the sameignition source but at a different incident heat flux, will changerelative results.5.7.5 The value of heat release rate corresponding to thecritical limit between propagating mattress fires and non-propagating matt
40、ress fires is not known.5.7.6 It is not known what fraction of the vandalism thatoccurs is represented by the prescribed model used in thisstandard. However, the method described here is adequate toaddress one of the major objectives of the standard, namelyinvestigate the effect of the exposed filli
41、ng material on thefire-test-response characteristics of the composite.6. Apparatus6.1 Use the apparatus described in Test Method E 1354, alsoknown as the cone calorimeter, for this test.7. Safety Precautions7.1 These test procedures involve high temperatures andcombustion processes. Therefore, there
42、 is a potential hazard forburns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and forinhalation of combustion products.7.2 The operator must use protective gloves for insertionand removal of the test specimens. The operator must refrainfrom touching either the cone heater or the associated fixtureswh
43、ile hot, except with the use of protective gloves.8. Test Specimen Preparation (Method A)8.1 Equipment and Supplies for Specimen Preparation (3):8.1.1 Cutting EquipmentCut foams with a band saw. Usea foam-cutting blade. This blade has no teeth. Instead, it has awavy scallop to the edge. Ensure that
44、the blade is wellsharpened, and make certain that no silicones or other oils areapplied to lubricate the blade. Lubrication must be solely withgraphite or molybdenum compounds. The band saw blade mustmake a straight and true cut of the foam; therefore, set theblade guide no higher than 12 mm above t
45、he stock to be cut.8.1.2 Forming BlocksThe specimen preparation rests cru-cially upon the proper use of forming blocks. These blocks aremade in dimensions of 98 3 98 3 50 mm. Each of thesedimensions must be controlled to 60.5 mm.As the material forthe forming blocks, use a dense wood, such as maple,
46、 which isminimally subject to dimensional changes when the humidityis changed. Do not use pine. Use only fully kiln-dried timberfor making the forming blocks. Ensure that all surfaces are cutstraight and true and are smooth. Do not round the edges butslightly round the corners. It is preferable to l
47、acquer the blockswith an acrylic lacquer to ensure a hard, smooth, stable surface.Make up a minimum of 12 blocks to allow a reasonablenumber of specimens to be prepared at the same time.8.1.3 AdhesiveSeveral adhesives have been found suit-able for securing the fabrics. The adhesive must be low infla
48、mmability and must have suitable holding power to permitinserting the resilient padding, stay in place until the testing isperformed (that is, through the required conditioning) andduring the flammability test procedure. For the latter, the gluedportions of the fabric must neither flame excessively
49、nor retardburning. Adhesives that are based on polychloroprene (neo-prene), acrylic or water have been found suitable.8.1.3.1 Adhesive ApplicationThe method of adhesive ap-plication depends on the particular adhesive selected. Water-soluble adhesives are applied directly from the bottle, andtherefore, do not require a brush. Likewise, any spillage isreadily cleanable with water. This type of adhesive does not setas quickly as the solvent-based adhesives, which permitsshifting the fabric as necessary to create a neat, tight package.The glued specimen must be left overn
