1、Designation: F1534 10F1534 16Standard Test Method forDetermining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristicsof Cushioning Materials After Water Leaching1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers a procedure for leaching cushion
3、ing materials with water and determining changesin two specific fire-test-response characteristics: (1) the surface flammability, in accordance with Test Method D3675, and (2) thespecific optical density of smoke generated, in accordance with Test Method E662.1.2 In view of the wide variation in pot
4、ential service conditions, it is likely that results of this leaching test will not give a directcorrelation with service performance for all applications. However, the test method yields comparative data on which to basejudgments as to expected service of cushioning materials and is useful in resea
5、rch and development work.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, b
6、ut does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof t
7、he user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous.Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be e
8、mployed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Material
9、s3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method and associated with fire issues refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cushioning, nmaterial used to isolate or reduce the effect of externally applied shock or vibration force
10、s, or both.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product, or assembly in a specific fire, other than a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-response characteristic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standards distinguishes between the response o
11、f materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame“under controlled conditions,” which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fire conditions,” which is fireperformance. Fire performance depends on the occasion or environment and may not be measurable. In view of the limited1 Th
12、is test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F33 on Detention and Correctional Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F33.05 onFurnishings and Equipment.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010June 1, 2016. Published January 2011June 2016. Originally approved in 1994.
13、 Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asF1534 05.F1534 10. DOI: 10.1520/F1534-10.10.1520/F1534-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards
14、 Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, A
15、STM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1avail
16、ability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests, appropriately recognized as representing end-useconditions, is generally used as a predictor of the fire performance of a material, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire-test-response characteristic, nresponse characteristic of a ma
17、terial, product, or assembly, to a prescribed source ofheat, or flame, under controlled fire conditions; such response characteristics may include but are not limited to ease of ignition,flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smoke generation, fire resistance, and toxic potency of smoke.3.2.3.1 Disc
18、ussionA fire-test-response characteristic can be influenced by variable characteristics of the heat source, such as its intensity, or of theburning environment, such as ventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity, or oxygen concentration. It is not an intrinsicproperty such as specific heat
19、, thermal conductivity, or heat of combustion, where the value is independent of test variables. Afire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of several terms. Smoke generation, for example, may be described assmoke opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitative
20、 correlation need exist between values of a responsecharacteristic for two or more materials, products, or assemblies, as measured by two or more approaches, or tested under two ormore sets of conditions for a given method.3.2.4 leaching, nremoval in solution of the more soluble materials by percola
21、ting or moving water.3.2.5 softened water, nwater that has been treated with substances to remove or sequester the calcium or magnesium ions.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAmong the substances used for water softening are various sodium phosphates and zeolites (natural hydrated silicate of aluminumand either sod
22、ium or potassium or both). Water of specific resistance of 1 M or higher is suitable.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method samples of cushioning materials are subjected to leaching by immersing specimens in flowing softenedwater for a period of 6 h and then dried. Two fire-test-response c
23、haracteristics of the cushioning materials, namely the surfaceflammability, in accordance with Test Method D3675, and the specific optical density of smoke, in accordance with Test MethodE662, are measured on specimens of the materials which have undergone the water treatment. The results are then c
24、ompared withresults obtained from untreated specimens of the same materials, to determine the percentage change in each fire-test-responsecharacteristic.5. Significance and Use5.1 The fire performance of a material or product is affected by a combination of its fire-test-response characteristics. Tw
25、o ofthe most commonly determined fire-test-response characteristics of cushioning materials are the surface flammability, inaccordance with Test Method D3675, and the specific optical density of smoke, in accordance with Test Method E662.5.2 Cushioning materials used in upholstery applications are p
26、otentially exposed to leaching of the active ingredients due to (1)water solubility of the treating agents or (2) exposure to high humidity.5.3 In view of the importance that the fire performance of the cushioning materials used in upholstery applications remainconstant throughout their intended ser
27、vice life, this test method provides a means to test for the potential change in twofire-test-response characteristics due to leaching.6. Apparatus6.1 Water TankUse a water container or tank of a shape and size sufficient for the specimens to be fully submersible therein,to ensure full water contact
28、 with all surfaces. Determine the volume of the water container in litres by filling it with water andmeasuring the volume of the water. Confirm that the container is large enough that the ratio of the specimen(s) to water shall beno less than 1 to 20 by volume, by comparison with the volume of the
29、specimens to be used, as determined in 8.4.NOTE 1The maximum volume of each specimen to be tested in Test Method D3675 is 1.73 L. The maximum volume of each specimen to be testedin Test Method E662 is 0.30 L.6.2 Softened Water:6.2.1 Use an established water softening procedure that ensures the prese
30、nce of negligible amounts of alkaline or alkaline earthions (principally sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium).NOTE 2It is advisable to have the facility running water tested before acquiring a new water softening system. The use of a water indicator systemin which a light turns on when the wat
31、er contains excessive ions is recommended. A system consisting of one carbon tank and two mixed bed tanks inseries, with a quality light in between the mixed beds, to maintain a water quality of 2 M/cmM/cm or greater, is suitable for this application. Theconcept of the “quality light” is that, when
32、the light goes out, the first mixed bed is removed and replaced by the second mixed bed, and a new secondmixed bed is installed in its place. The carbon tank is a requirement, but it prolongs the life of the mixed beds.F1534 162NOTE 3The presence of alkaline or alkaline earth metal ions has been sho
33、wn to possibly affect the flammability performance.6.2.2 Provide a means of supplying a continuous flow of softened water to the bottom of the container at a rate of at leastbetween two and three water changes per hour. Set the temperature of the flowing softened water to 20 6 5C (68 6 9F).6.3 Provi
34、de a means at the top of the water container for disposing of the overflow.6.4 Ensure that the apparatus has a means of suspending the specimens in such a manner that they are not in contact with eachother during the leaching process. Ensure too that contact of the specimens with the container is mi
35、nimized.6.5 There are two alternative methods for specimen placement during leaching:6.5.1 Place specimens in tank within a wire mesh cage, or6.5.2 Suspend specimens from a rod within the tank by means of small clips and weigh them at the bottom.7. Safety Precautions7.1 The test methods associated w
36、ith assessing the fire-test-response characteristics of the cushioning materials are fire testmethods, which are inherently hazardous.7.2 In each of the fire test methods, the test procedures involve high temperatures and combustion processes. Hazards thereforeexist for burns, ignition of extraneous
37、 objects or clothing, and inhalation of combustion products. The operator must takeappropriate precautions during the insertion and removal of the test specimens, for example by using protective gloves. Theoperator must ensure not to touch either the ignition source, or the radiant heating source or
38、 any associated fixtures while hot,except with the use of appropriate protective gear.8. Test Specimens8.1 Ensure that a sufficient number of test specimens is available to determine the fire-test-response characteristics of thecushioning materials in accordance with Test Methods D3675 and E662 both
39、 before and after leaching.8.2 Provide test specimens of the size required by Test Methods D3675 and E662.8.3 Provide the appropriate number of test specimens as required by Test Methods D3675 and E662.8.4 Determine the volume in litres of each test specimen used for Test Methods D3675 and E662.9. C
40、alibration9.1 Follow the directions in Test Methods D3675 and E662 for calibration of the corresponding equipment.9.2 The only parts of the leaching test equipment that require calibration are the temperature control devices. Use commonlyaccepted procedures for ensuring that the temperature remains
41、within the required range.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition the specimens as required by Test Methods D3675 and E662.11. Leaching Procedure11.1 Conduct leaching on only one cushioning material at a time.11.2 Submerge specimens in water tank for a period of 6 h.11.2.1 Squeeze the specimens upon immersio
42、n to remove any entrapped air.11.2.2 Submerge the specimens by one of the alternative methods indicated in 6.5.11.2.3 Start water flow and continue for a total of 6 h (with a tolerance of 65 min).11.3 After the immersion period, squeeze the wet specimens to remove excess water and then dry them in a
43、n air circulating ovenat 70 6 3C (158 6 5F) until a constant weight is achieved (at least 3 h are required).11.4 Optionally, weigh the specimens before and after the leaching process to determine whether any significant weight lossesoccur.NOTE 4A weight loss larger than 3 % is likely to be significa
44、nt.12. Testing of the Unleached Samples12.1 Determine the flame spreadradiant panel index (Is) of the original unleached samples by testing specimens in accordancewith Test Method D3675.12.2 Determine the specific optical density of smoke generated by the original unleached samples by testing specim
45、ens inaccordance with Test Method E662. Use a specimen thickness of 25 mm (1 in.).12.3 Test specimens of the unleached and leached samples on the same day. Alternatively, test the unleached samples earlier,but not more than 96 h before testing the leached samples.F1534 16313. Testing of the Leached
46、Samples13.1 Condition and test the leached specimens as required by both Test Methods D3675 and E662.13.2 Determine the flame spreadradiant panel index (Is) of specimens of the leached samples in accordance with Test MethodD3675.13.3 Determine the specific optical density of smoke generated by speci
47、mens of the leached samples in accordance with TestMethod E662. Use a sample thickness of 25 mm (1 in.).14. Calculation14.1 Express the results of the leaching test as a percentage of the change in the fire-test-response characteristic, calculated byEq 1.P 5L 2O!O 3100 (1)where:P = percentage change
48、,O = original value of fire-test-response characteristic, andL = value of fire-test-response characteristic after leaching.15. Report15.1 Report the following information:15.1.1 Identification of the sample,15.1.2 Identification of the fire-test-response characteristic measured,15.1.3 Dates when the
49、 leaching test was carried out and when the fire-test-response characteristics of leached and unleachedspecimens were determined,15.1.4 Volume of the water container, as determined in 6.1,15.1.5 Volume of each of the specimens to be used for Test Methods D3675 and E662.15.1.6 The ratio of water volume to specimen volume for both Test Methods D3675 and E662.15.1.7 Any observations made during leaching,15.1.8 All data required by Test Methods D3675 and E662 for the original and the final determination of the correspondingfire-test-response characteristics,1
