1、Designation: F1280 08F1280 14Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Surface WashingAgents: Impermeable Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of surface washing agents to assist in the cleanup of oil spills. This g
3、uide is written with the goalof minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aestheticand socioeconomic factors are not considered although these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 In making surface washing
4、 agent use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.3 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of chemical surfacewashing agents is considered.1.4 This is a general guide only. It assumes th
5、e oil to be treatable and the surface washing agent to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumedthat the surface washing agent is non-persistent in the natural environment. Oil, as
6、used in this guide, includes crude oils andrefined petroleum products. Differences between individual surface washing agents or between different oil products are notconsidered.1.5 This guide applies only to impermeable surfaces.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concern
7、s, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1279 Guide for Ecological Considerations for
8、 the Restriction of the Use of Surface WashingAgents: Permeable Land SurfacesF1872 Guide for Use of Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents: Environmental and Operational Considerations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 permeabilitythe capacity of the surface to conduct or transmit liquids such as water
9、.An impermeable surface would nottransmit water in a short time (minutes).3.1.2 surfacethe top or cover of the land at the site of interest.3.1.3 surface washing agentschemical substances, including surfactants, intended to loosen oil from surfaces. Surfacewashing agents do not include dispersants.
10、(See Guide F1872 for details on the use of surface washing agents.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.4.2 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circumstances.1 This guide is un
11、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.13on Treatment.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008March 1, 2014. Published September 2008March 2014. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition ap
12、proved in 19992008as F1280 90 (1999)F1280 08., which was withdrawn in January 2008 and reinstated in September 2008. DOI: 10.1520/F1280-08. DOI: 10.1520/F1280-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
13、f ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technical
14、ly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
15、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Environment CoveredImpermeable Surfaces5.1 Impermeable surfaces include any soil, rock, hard pan, or other natural surface that does not readily permit the passage ofwater and oil.5.2 Impermeable surfaces include man-made surfaces such as paved
16、 roads and parking lots. (See Guide F1279 for permeablesurfaces.)5.3 The impermeable surface should allow for the containment and recovery of oil-contaminated water resulting from thecleaning process.6. Background6.1 Oil and surface washing agents will ultimately run off an impermeable surface (1, 2
17、).3 The environment receiving runoffshould be considered. As an example, experience with spills on impermeable surfaces included runoff into a permeable zone andextensive groundwater contamination.6.2 A laboratory experiment has shown that explosion potential is increased by using surface washing ag
18、ents on fuel spills insewers (2, 3).6.3 Studies of the toxicity of natural products such as d-limonene, from citrus peels, reveals that many of these have high aquatictoxicities, while showing little human toxicity (4, 5) The agent toxicity should be considered where unintentional run-off can affect
19、biota.7. Recommendations7.1 Oil or dispersed oil on impermeable surfaces may run off to other environments and response should be planned foraccordingly.7.2 All runoff from surface washing operations on impermeable surfaces should be collected.7.3 Surface washing agents should never be used if the r
20、unoff can reach groundwater, especially that used for drinking water.8. Keywords8.1 impermeable; land; oil spill; oil spill surface washing agents; road surfaces ; surfaces; surface washing agentsREFERENCES(1) McGill, W. B., and Bergstrom, D., “Inland Oil Spills and their Impacts on Land,” Stress on
21、 Land in Canada, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada,Ottawa, Ont., 1983, pp. 153181.(2) Smith, A. J., “Success and Failures with Oil Spills in Southeastern Inland Waters,” Proceedings of the 1973 Conference on Prevention and Controlof Oil Spills , American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1973
22、, pp. 583588.(3) Fingas, M. F., Hughes, K. A., and Bobra, A. M., “The Behaviour of Dispersed and Nondispersed Fuels in a Sewer System,” Oil Dispersants: NewEcological Approaches, ASTM STP 1018, ASTM, 1989, pp. 274289.(4) Fingas, M. F., Kyle, D. A., Laroche, N. D., Fieldhouse, B .G., Sergy, G., and S
23、toodley, R. G. “The Effectiveness Testing of Spill Treating Agents,”The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, ASTM STP 1252, Peter Lane, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1995, pp.286298.(5) Walker,A. H., Kucklick, J. H., and Michel, J.J., Effectiveness and Environment
24、al Considerations for Non-dispersant Chemical Countermeasures, Pureand Applied Chemistry , Vol 71, No. 1, 1999, pp. 6781.3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.F1280 142ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
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27、 will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by
28、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1280 143
