1、Designation: E965 15Standard Test Method forMeasuring Pavement Macrotexture Depth Using aVolumetric Technique1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E965; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determiningthe average depth of pavement surface macrotexture (see 3.1)(1)2by
3、careful application of a known volume of material onthe surface and subsequent measurement of the total areacovered. The technique is designed to provide an average depthvalue of only the pavement macrotexture and is consideredinsensitive to pavement microtexture characteristics.1.2 The results obta
4、ined using this procedure to determineaverage pavement macrotexture depths do not necessarilyagree or correlate directly with those obtained by otherpavement macrotexture measuring methods (1-5).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parenthe
5、ses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
6、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1155 Test Method for Roundness of Glass SpheresE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems3.
7、Terminology3.1 Terminology used in this standard conforms to Termi-nology E867.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 pavement macrotexturethe deviations of a pavementsurface from a true planar surface with the characteristicdimensions of wavelength and amplitude from 0.5 mm up tot
8、hose that no longer affect tire-pavement interaction.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The standard materials and test apparatus consist of aquantity of uniform material, a container of known volume, asuitable wind screen or shield, brushes for cleaning thepavement surface, a flat disk for spreading the
9、material on thesurface, and a ruler or other measuring device for determiningthe area covered by the material. A laboratory balance is alsorecommended for further ensuring consistent amounts for eachmeasurement sample.4.2 The test procedure involves spreading a known volumeof material on a clean and
10、 dry pavement surface, measuring thearea covered, and subsequently calculating the average depthbetween the bottom of the pavement surface voids and the topsof surface aggregate particles. This measurement of pavementsurface texture depth reflects the pavement macrotexture char-acteristics (1, 5).NO
11、TE 1In spreading the material specified in this test method, thesurface voids are completely filled flush to the tips of the surroundingaggregate particles. This test method is not considered suitable for use ongrooved surfaces or pavements with large (1.0 in. (25 mm) surfacevoids.5. Significance an
12、d Use5.1 This test method is suitable for research and develop-ment purposes and for field tests to determine the averagemacrotexture depth of a pavement surface. The knowledge ofpavement macrotexture depth serves as a tool in characterizingthe pavement surface texture. When used in conjunction with
13、other physical tests, the macrotexture depth values derivedfrom this test method may be used to determine the pavementskid resistance capability and the suitability of paving materialsor finishing techniques. When used with other tests, careshould be taken that all tests are applied at the same loca
14、tion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.23 onSurface Characteristics Related to Tire Pavement Slip Resistance.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved
15、 in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E965 96 (2006)which was withdrawn in January 2015 and reinstated in May 2015. DOI:10.1520/E0965-15.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM web
16、site, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat
17、es1Improvements in pavement finishing practices and mainte-nance schedules may result from use of this test method.5.2 The texture depth measurements produced using thistest method are influenced by pavement macrotexture charac-teristics and not significantly affected by pavement microtex-ture. Pave
18、ment aggregate particle shape, size, and distributionare texture features not addressed in this procedure. This testmethod is not meant to provide a complete assessment ofpavement surface texture characteristics.5.3 The pavement macrotexture depth values measured bythis test method, with the equipme
19、nt and procedures statedherein, do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with othertechniques of surface texture measurements.NOTE 2The pavement surface to be measured using this test methodmust be dry and free of any construction residue, surface debris, and looseaggregate particles that woul
20、d be displaced or removed during normalenvironmental and traffic conditions.6. Materials and Apparatus6.1 The essential elements of the apparatus, shown in Fig. 1,consist of the following material and equipment:6.1.1 Material4Solid glass spheres having 90 % round-ness in accordance with Test Method
21、D1155. The spheres shallbe graded to have a minimum of 90 % by weight passing a No.60 sieve and retained on a No. 80 sieve5.6.1.2 Sample ContainerA cylindrical metal or plasticcontainer with a predetermined internal volume of at least 1.5cubic in. (25 000 mm3) shall be used to determine the volumeof
22、 sand spread.6.1.3 Spreader ToolA flat, hard disc approximately 1 in.(25 mm) thick and 2.5 to 3.0 in. (60 to 75 mm) in diametershall be used to spread the sand. The bottom surface or face ofthe disc shall be covered with a hard rubber material and asuitable handle may be attached to the top surface
23、of the disc.NOTE 3An ice hockey puck is considered suitable for use as the hardrubber material in this test method.6.1.4 Compressed air or a soft-bristled brush, or both, shallbe used to thoroughly clean the pavement surface prior toapplication of the material sample.6.1.5 Wind ScreenA suitable scre
24、en or shield shall beplaced on the pavement surface to protect the material samplefrom the wind and turbulence created by traffic. An example isshown in Fig. 1.6.1.6 ScaleA standard scale 12 in. (305-mm) or greater inlength and having 0.1-in. (2.5-mm) or 1-mm (0.04-in.) divi-sions should be used.6.2
25、 Use of a laboratory balance, sensitive to 0.1 g, isrecommended with this test method to provide additionalcontrol and to ensure that the amount of material used for eachsurface macrotexture depth measurement is equal in both massand volume.7. Procedure7.1 Test AreaInspect the pavement surface to be
26、 measuredand select a dry, homogeneous area that contains no unique,localized features such as cracks and joints. Thoroughly cleanthe surface using compressed air or a soft-bristled brush, orboth, in order to remove any visible residue, debris, or looseaggregate particles from the surface. Precautio
27、ns should betaken to prevent wind, vibration, and vehicle drive-by fromhaving an effect on the measurement. A portable wind screenaround the surface test area is one option.NOTE 4On surfaces where the slope is sufficient to cause the glassspheres to roll, inconsistent or invalid measurements might o
28、ccur.7.2 Material SampleFill the cylinder of known volumewith dry material and gently tap the base of the cylinder severaltimes on a rigid surface. Add more material to fill the cylinderto the top, and level with a straightedge. If a laboratory balanceis available, determine the mass of material in
29、the cylinder anduse this mass of material sample for each measurement.7.3 Test MeasurementPour the measured volume orweight of material onto the cleaned surface within the areaprotected by the wind screen. Carefully spread the material intoa circular patch with the disk tool, rubber-covered side dow
30、n,filling the surface voids flush with the aggregate particle tips.Measure and record the diameter of the circular area coveredby the material at a minimum of four equally spaced locationsaround the sample circumference. Compute and record theaverage diameter.NOTE 5For very smooth pavement surfaces
31、where the patch diametersare greater than 12 in. (305 mm), it is recommended that half the normalvolume of material be used.7.4 Number of Test MeasurementsThe same operatorshould perform at least four, randomly-spaced measurementsof average macrotexture depth on a given test pavementsurface type. Th
32、e arithmetic average of the individual macro-texture depth values shall be considered to be the averagemacrotexture depth of the test pavement surface.4Historically Ottawa natural silica sand was used for this test method; however,glass spheres have been found to provide an equivalent measurement wi
33、th greaterprecision, both within laboratory and between laboratories, and are now consideredto be the standard.5Commercially available material may be used, but must be graded and testedfor roundness to assure that they conform to this test method.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Measuring Surface Macrotexture
34、DepthE965 1528. Calculation8.1 Cylinder VolumeCalculate the internal volume of thesample cylinder as follows:V 5d2h4(1)where:V = internal cylinder volume, in.3(mm3),d = internal cylinder diameter, in. (mm), andh = cylinder height, in. (mm).8.2 Average Pavement Macrotexture DepthCalculate theaverage
35、pavement macrotexture depth using the followingequation:MTD 54VD2(2)where:MTD = mean texture depth of pavement macrotexture, in.(mm),V = sample volume, in.3(mm3), andD = average diameter of the area covered by the material,in. (mm).NOTE 6The mean texture depth of pavement macrotexture (MTD) isnot th
36、e equivalent of the mean profile depth (MPD) of the same surface.9. Faulty Tests9.1 Tests that are manifestly faulty or that give mean texturedepth values differing by more than 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) fromthe average of all tests on the same pavement surface shall betreated in accordance with Practice
37、E178.10. Report10.1 The report for each pavement test surface shall containdata on the following items:10.1.1 Location and identification of test pavement surface,10.1.2 Date,10.1.3 Volume of material used for each test measurement,in.3(mm3),10.1.4 Number of test measurements,10.1.5 Average diameter
38、 of the area covered by the material,in. (mm), for each test,10.1.6 Mean texture depth, in. (mm), for each test, and10.1.7 Mean texture depth, in. (mm), for total pavement testsurface.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Analysis of macrotexture depth data collected duringextensively controlled tests6produced
39、 estimates of the repeat-ability (method precision) and reproducibility (applied preci-sion) of the volumetric method, as well as sampling errors thatcan be expected in measuring the average texture depths of apavement section by the method. The controlled tests wereconducted on laboratory specimens
40、 having a range of macro-texture depth of 0.02 to 0.047 in. (0.508 to 1.2 mm). Themacrotexture depth precision estimates are expressed as apercentage, such as the ratio of the standard deviation of thetexture measurements to the mean texture depth multiplied by100.11.2 The standard deviation of the
41、repeated measurementsby the same operator on the same surface can be as low as 1 %of the average texture depth.11.3 The standard deviation of the repeated measurementsby different operators on the surface can be as low as 2 % of theaverage texture depth as determined by the mean size of theglass sph
42、eres.NOTE 7The standard deviation of the site-to-site measurements maybe as large as 27 % of the average texture depth. Here site defines arandomly selected location within a nominally homogeneous pavementsection. This means that a large number of measurement observationswould be necessary to estima
43、te the average texture depth reliably for givenpavement types with large variations in texture, despite the fact that themethod is highly repeatable and not subject to large operational influences.REFERENCES(1) Yager, T. J., and Buhlmann, F., “Macrotexture and Drainage Mea-surements on a Variety of
44、Concrete andAsphalt Surfaces,” ASTM STP763, ASTM, 1982.(2) American Concrete Paving Association, “Guideline for Texturing ofPortland Cement Concrete Highway Pavements,” Technical BulletinNo. 19, March 1975.(3) Hegmon, R. R., and Mizoguchi, M.,“ Pavement Texture Measurementby the Sand Patch and Outfl
45、ow Meter Methods,” Automotive SafetyResearch Program, Report No. S40, Study No. 67-11, PennsylvaniaState University, January 1970.(4) Dahir, S. H., and Lentz, H. J., “Laboratory Evaluation of PavementSurface Texture Characteristics in Relation to Skid Resistance,”Federal Highway Administration Repor
46、t No. FHWA-RD-75-60, June1972.(5) Rose, J. G. et al., “Summary and Analysis of the Attributes ofMethods of Surface Texture Measurements,” ASTM STP 53, ASTM,June 1972.6Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters Request ResearchReport: RR:E17-1001.E965 153ASTM International takes no position
47、 respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.T
48、his standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM In
49、ternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress
