1、Designation: E860 07 (Reapproved 2013)2Standard Practice forExamining And Preparing Items That Are Or May BecomeInvolved In Criminal or Civil Litigation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E860; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made to 5.4 in March 2014.2NOTEEditorial corrections were
3、made to 5.4.2 in October 2017.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the examinationand testing of actual items or systems (hereinafter termedevidence) that may have been involved in a specific incidentthat are or may be reasonably expected to be the subject of civilor criminal litigati
4、on. This practice is intended to becomeapplicable when it is determined that examination or testing ofevidence is required, and such examination is likely to changethe nature, state or condition of the evidence.1.2 This practice recommends generally acceptable profes-sional practice, although the fa
5、cts and issues of each situationmay require specific considerations not expressly addressedherein. Deviations from this practice are not necessarily wrongor inferior, but such deviations should be justified and docu-mented.1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more spec
6、ific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation, training, or experience and should be used inconjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of thispractice may be applicable in all circumstances.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
7、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recog
8、nized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1188 Practice for Co
9、llection and Preservation of Informa-tion and Physical Items by a Technical InvestigatorE1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and RelatedDocumentationE1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, andRetrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science LaboratoryE1843 Guide for Sexual Assault Investi
10、gation, Examination,and Evidence Collection2.2 Other Documents:NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 destructive testingtesting, examination, re-examination, disassembly, or other actions likely to alter theoriginal, as-found nature, state or condit
11、ion of items ofevidence so as to preclude or adversely affect additionalexamination and testing.3.1.2 spoliation of evidencethe loss, destruction, or mate-rial alteration of an object or document that is evidence orpotential evidence in a legal proceeding by one who has theresponsibility for its pre
12、servation. Spoliation of evidence mayoccur when the movement, change or destruction of evidence,or alteration of the scene significantly impairs the opportunityof other interested parties to obtain the same evidentiary valuefrom the evidence as did any prior investigator.4. Significance and Use4.1 T
13、his practice establishes procedures to be followed todocument the nature, state, or condition of items of evidence.It also describes specific actions that are required if planned1This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee E30 on Forensic Sciencesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommi
14、ttee E30.11 on InterdisciplinaryForensic Science Standards.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E860 07. DOI: 10.1520/E0860-07R13E02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
15、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.Copyright AS
16、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Sta
17、ndards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1testing, examination, disassembly, or other actions are likely toalter the nature, state, or condition of the evidence so as topreclude or adversely limit additional examination or
18、testing.5. Procedure5.1 The person, firm, or agency conducting examinations ortests of the evidence should document the nature, state, andcondition of the evidence by descriptive, photographic, or othersuitable methods prior to any test, examination, re-examination, disassembly, or alteration.5.1.1
19、Attempt to determine any change(s), alteration(s) orcontamination of the evidence subsequent to the incident, anddocument those findings.5.2 It is recognized that certain characteristics cannot bedetermined without destructive testing. Non-destructive testsand examinations should be carried out prio
20、r to any destructivetesting, and destructive testing should be kept to a minimum,and thoroughly documented. If exemplars can be used insteadof the subject items, then exemplars should be used tominimize consumption of the subject item. If proposed tests,examinations, or other actions are likely to a
21、lter the nature,state, or condition of the evidence so as to preclude or limitadditional examination or testing, the person, firm, or agencyplanning to perform the proposed action should take thefollowing steps:5.2.1 Notify its client that the proposed action is likely toalter the nature, state, or
22、condition of the evidence so as topreclude or limit additional examination or testing of theevidence.5.2.2 Recommend that its client notify other interestedparties of the proposed action described in 5.2 and,5.2.3 Recommend to its client that other interested partiesbe given the opportunity to parti
23、cipate in the proceduresdescribed in 5.2 or to witness and record any such actions.5.3 If compelling reasons exist for performing the actionswithout notifying other parties, then the person, firm or agencyplanning the actions should draft and preserve documentationsupporting the compelling reasons f
24、or such action.5.3.1 In some criminal cases, notification is superfluous, orwould unnecessarily impede an investigation. Suspects orcriminal defendants in drug possession cases, for example, canbe presumed to be on notice that seized substances will betested. If possible, the examiner should, howeve
25、r, leave asufficient quantity of the substance intact to allow independenttesting.5.3.2 Investigators or analysts working on evidence col-lected for criminal or civil cases should understand that theremay be parties to a related potential civil or criminal casewhose interests could be prejudiced if
26、evidence is not handledproperly.5.4 Upon completion of testing or examination, preserveand label each item in a manner that protects and maintains itsidentity and integrity in accordance with Guide E1459.5.4.1 For handling evidence related to sexual assault,follow Guide E1843.5.4.2 For handling evid
27、ence related to fires, and to avoidspoliation in such cases, follow NFPA 921.5.4.3 For documenting the chain of custody, follow PracticeE1492.6. Documentation6.1 Document methods used and results obtained in tests,examinations, disassembly, or other actions conducted incompliance with this practice.
28、6.2 Document the procedures used according to PracticeE1188.6.3 Label any new items of evidence resulting from thetesting according to the procedures set forth in Guide E1459.7. Keywords7.1 evidence collection and preservation; forensic engi-neers; forensic sciencesASTM International takes no positi
29、on respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility
30、.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
31、International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address sh
32、own below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 07 (2013)22
