1、Designation: E490 00a (Reapproved 2014)StandardSolar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral IrradianceTables1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E490; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These tables define the solar con
3、stant and zero air masssolar spectral irradiance for use in thermal analysis, thermalbalance testing, and other tests of spacecraft and spacecraftcomponents and materials. Typical applications include thecalculation of solar absorptance from spectral reflectance dataand the specification of solar UV
4、 exposure of materials duringsimulated space radiation testing.1.2 These tables are based upon data from experimentalmeasurements made from high-altitude aircraft, spacecraft, andthe earths surface and from solar spectral irradiance models.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstand
5、ard. Other units of measurement are included for infor-mation purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determi
6、ne the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E349 Terminology Relating to Space Simulation3. Terminology3.1 air mass (optical air mass) (AM),nthe ratio of thepath length or radiation through the atmosphere (lm)atanygiven angle, Z degrees, to
7、 the sea level path length toward thezenith (lz).AM 5 lm/lzsecZ , for Z #62 (1)Symbol: AM1 (air mass one), AM2 (air mass two)3.2 astronomical unit (AU),na unit of length defined asthe mean distance between the earth and the sun, that is,149 597 890 6 500 km.3.3 integrated irradiance, nspectral irrad
8、iance integratedover a specific wavelength interval from 1to 2, measured inWm2, Symbol:E1225 *12Ed (2)3.4 irradiance at a point on a surface (E) , nquotient ofthe radiant flux incident on an element of the surface contain-ing the point, by the area of that element, measured in Wm2.3.5 irradiance, sp
9、ectral (E), nthe irradiance per unitwavelength interval at a specific wavelength, or as a functionof wavelength measured in Wm2m1.3.6 solar constant, nthe total solar irradiance at normalincidence on a surface in free space at the earths meandistance from the sun (1 AU).3.7 zero air mass (AMO),nthe
10、absence of atmosphericattenuation of the solar irradiance at one astronomical unitfrom the sun.3.8 Additional definitions will be found in TerminologyE349.4. Solar Constant4.1 The solar constant is 1366.1 Wm2. This value is themean of daily averages from six different satellites over the1978 to 1998
11、 time period, all measured with absolute cavityradiometers, as reported by Frhlich and Lean (1)3. Thestandard deviation of this mean value is 425 ppm, with a0.37 % minimum-to-maximum range (1363 to 1368 Wm2).4.2 Table 1 summarizes the results in different units, andTable 2 presents the total solar i
12、rradiance at various planetarydistances from the sun.1These tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on SpaceSimulation and Applications of Space Technology and are the direct responsibilityof Subcommittee E21.04 on Space Simulation Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2014.
13、 Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E49 00a(2006). DOI:10.1520/E0490-00AR14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume infor
14、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthese tables.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Solar Spectral I
15、rradiance (Zero Air Mass)5.1 The zero air mass solar spectral irradiance is based ondata from satellites, space shuttle missions, high-altitudeaircraft, rocket soundings, ground-based solar telescopes, andmodeled spectral irradiance.5.2 Table 3 presents the solar spectral irradiance in tabularform f
16、or the range from 0.1195 to 1000 m. The first columngives the wavelength () in m; the second gives the spectralirradiance (E)at in Wm2m1; the third gives the totalirradiance for the range from 0 to (E0-)inWm2; and thefourth gives the percentage of the solar constant associatedwith wavelengths shorte
17、r than (D0-).5.3 Table 4 presents an abridged version of Table 3. Fig. 1plots the Standard Solar Spectral Irradiance.5.4 The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)/ATLAS-2 spectrum is used between 0.1195 and 0.3795 m.The values are averages of two different instruments, the SolarUltraviolet Spec
18、tral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) and the SolarStellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE), re-ported by Woods et al (2). These data were obtained in April1993 during a period of moderate solar activity and were scaledby a factor of 0.968 43 to match the Neckel and Labs (3) dataover the 0.33-
19、to 0.41-m range.5.5 In the 0.41- to 0.825-m range, the values are from theMcMath Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona, as reported byNeckel and Labs (3).5.6 In the 0.825- to 4.0-m range, the values are from thehigh-resolution solar atlas computed by Kurucz (4). These datawere smoothed to the 2- and
20、 20-nm wavelength resolution ofTable 3 and scaled by a factor of 1.000 85 to match the Neckeland Labs (3) data at 0.825 m.5.7 In the 4.0- to 1000-m range, the values are from thelogarithmic irradiance versus wavelength fits reported bySmith and Gottlieb (5). These data were scaled by a factor of0.99
21、4 37 to match the Kurucz (4) data at 4.0 m.5.8 The composite spectral irradiance data were then scaledby a factor of 0.997 45 to force the integrated total irradianceto equal the solar constant.6. Keywords6.1 extraterrestrial; solar constant; solar spectral irradiance;space; zero air massTABLE 1 The
22、 Solar Constant in Alternative UnitsSolar constant = 1366.1 Wm2SI unit= 0.136 61 Wcm2= 136.61 m Wcm2=1.3661106ergcm2s-1= 126.9 Wft2= 1.959 calcm2min1(0.03calcm2min1)= 0.0326 calcm2s1= 433.4 Btuft2h1= 0.1202 Btuft2s1= 1.956 Langleysmin1The calorie is the thermochemical calorie-gram and is defined as
23、4.1840absolute joules.The Btu is the thermochemical British thermal unit and is defined by therelationship: 1 Btu (thermochemical)/(Flb) = 1 calg (thermochemical)/(Cg).The Langley, however, is defined in terms of the older thermal unit the calorieg(mean), that is, 1 Langley = 1 calg (mean)cm2; 1 cal
24、g (mean) = 4.190 02 J.TABLE 2 Solar Irradiance at the PlanetsPlanetSolar Irradiance, Wm2Mean Perihelion AphelionMercury 9116.4 14447.5 6271.1Venus 2611.0 2646.4 2575.7Earth 1366.1 1412.5 1321.7Mars 588.6 715.9 491.7Jupiter 50.5 55.7 45.9Saturn 15.04 16.76 13.53Uranus 3.72 4.11 3.37Neptune 1.510 1.51
25、5 1.507Pluto 0.878 1.571 0.560E490 00a (2014)2TABLE 3 Solar Spectral IrradianceStandard CurveNOTE 1Double lines indicate change in wavelength interval of integration. Each column continues to next page.NOTE 2 = wavelength, m,E= solar spectral irradiance averaged over small bandwidth centered at , Wm
26、2m1,E0= integrated solar irradiance in the wavelength range from 0 to , Wm2, andD0= percentage of solar constant (1366.1 Wm2) associated with wavelengths shorter than . EE0-D0- EE0-D0-0.1195 6.185 1020.0 0.0 1.306 413.6 1117.65 81.810.1205 0.5614 3.12 1042.28 1051.308 412.3 1118.47 81.870.1215 4.901
27、 3.04 1032.23 1041.310 410.6 1119.30 81.930.1225 1.184 6.09 1034.45 1041.312 403.3 1120.11 81.990.1235 4.770 1026.70 1034.91 1041.314 402.2 1120.92 82.050.1245 3.433 1026.74 1034.94 1041.316 397.9 1121.72 82.110.1255 2.882 1026.77 1034.96 1041.318 401.7 1122.52 82.170.1265 3.523 1026.81 1034.98 1041
28、.320 401.6 1123.32 82.230.1275 2.127 1026.83 1035.00 1041.322 398.6 1124.12 82.290.1285 1.727 1026.85 1035.02 1041.324 398.1 1124.92 82.350.1295 3.994 1026.88 1035.04 1041.326 394.9 1125.71 82.400.1305 0.1206 6.96 1035.10 1041.328 390.8 1126.49 82.460.1315 3.983 1027.04 1035.16 1041.330 387.8 1127.2
29、7 82.520.1325 4.126 1027.08 1035.19 1041.332 386.3 1128.05 82.570.1335 0.1680 7.19 1035.26 1041.334 389.2 1128.82 82.630.1345 4.572 1027.29 1035.34 1041.336 386.6 1129.60 82.690.1355 3.802 1027.34 1035.37 1041.338 383.2 1130.37 82.740.1365 3.094 1027.37 1035.40 1041.340 379.0 1131.13 82.800.1375 2.9
30、20 1027.40 1035.42 1041.342 380.5 1131.89 82.860.1385 3.968 1027.44 1035.44 1041.344 379.8 1132.65 82.910.1395 7.562 1027.49 1035.49 1041.346 377.2 1133.41 82.970.1405 6.075 1027.56 1035.54 1041.348 376.6 1134.16 83.020.1415 4.207 1027.61 1035.57 1041.350 372.4 1134.91 83.080.1425 4.683 1027.66 1035
31、.61 1041.352 374.2 1135.66 83.130.1435 5.110 1027.71 1035.64 1041.354 372.2 1136.40 83.190.1445 5.093 1027.76 1035.68 1041.356 367.5 1137.14 83.240.1455 5.535 1027.81 1035.72 1041.358 368.8 1137.88 83.290.1465 7.087 1027.87 1035.76 1041.360 367.3 1138.62 83.350.1475 8.485 1027.95 1035.82 1041.362 36
32、7.7 1139.35 83.400.1485 8.199 1028.03 1035.88 1041.364 365.7 1140.08 83.460.1495 7.956 1028.12 1035.94 1041.366 365.7 1140.81 83.510.1505 8.697 1028.20 1036.00 1041.368 362.8 1141.54 83.560.1515 9.266 1028.29 1036.07 1041.370 359.9 1142.27 83.620.1525 0.1163 8.39 1036.14 1041.372 362.1 1142.99 83.67
33、0.1535 0.1299 8.52 1036.23 1041.374 361.1 1143.71 83.720.1545 0.2059 8.68 1036.36 1041.376 356.1 1144.43 83.770.1555 0.2144 8.89 1036.51 1041.378 358.0 1145.14 83.830.1565 0.1847 9.09 1036.66 1041.380 357.9 1145.86 83.880.1575 0.1717 9.27 1036.79 1041.382 354.5 1146.57 83.930.1585 0.1675 9.44 1036.9
34、1 1041.384 354.7 1147.28 83.980.1595 0.1754 9.61 1037.04 1041.386 353.2 1147.99 84.030.1605 0.1934 9.80 1037.17 1041.388 353.0 1148.69 84.090.1615 0.2228 1.00 1027.32 1041.390 350.6 1149.40 84.140.1625 0.2519 1.02 1027.50 1041.392 351.3 1150.10 84.190.1635 0.2841 1.05 1027.69 1041.394 348.8 1150.80
35、84.240.1645 0.2973 1.08 1027.91 1041.396 348.7 1151.50 84.290.1655 0.4302 1.12 1028.17 1041.398 349.2 1152.19 84.340.1665 0.3989 1.16 1028.48 1041.400 342.7 1152.89 84.390.1675 0.3875 1.20 1028.76 1041.402 343.9 1153.57 84.440.1685 0.4556 1.24 1029.07 1041.404 342.8 1154.26 84.490.1695 0.5877 1.29 1
36、029.46 1041.406 343.1 1154.95 84.540.1705 0.6616 1.35 1029.91 1041.408 342.7 1155.63 84.590.1715 0.6880 1.42 1021.04 1031.410 341.8 1156.32 84.640.1725 0.7252 1.49 1021.09 1031.412 334.8 1156.99 84.690.1735 0.7645 1.57 1021.15 1031.414 337.7 1157.67 84.740.1745 0.9067 1.65 1021.21 1031.416 338.5 115
37、8.34 84.790.1755 1.079 1.75 1021.28 1031.418 338.6 1159.02 84.840.1765 1.220 1.86 1021.36 1031.420 335.7 1159.69 84.890.1775 1.403 2.00 1021.46 1031.422 331.5 1160.36 84.940.1785 1.538 2.14 1021.57 1031.424 331.1 1161.02 84.990.1795 1.576 2.30 1021.68 1031.426 328.1 1161.68 85.040.1805 1.831 2.47 10
38、21.81 1031.428 328.5 1162.34 85.080.1815 2.233 2.67 1021.96 1031.430 325.7 1162.99 85.130.1825 2.243 2.90 1022.12 1031.432 330.0 1163.65 85.180.1835 2.244 312 1022.28 1031.434 328.4 1164.31 85.230.1845 2.066 3.34 1022.44 1031.436 328.5 1164.96 85.280.1855 2.311 3.55 1022.60 1031.438 328.3 1165.62 85
39、.320.1865 2.700 3.81 1022.79 1031.440 318.8 1166.27 85.37E490 00a (2014)3TABLE 3 Continued EE0-D0- EE0-D0-0.1875 3.009 4.09 1022.99 1031.442 318.6 1166.91 85.420.1885 3.291 4.41 1023.22 1031.444 319.7 1167.54 85.470.1895 3.569 4.75 1023.48 1031.446 321.6 1168.19 85.510.1905 3.764 5.12 1023.74 1031.4
40、48 321.6 1168.83 85.560.1915 4.165 5.51 1024.03 1031.450 318.7 1169.47 85.610.1925 4.113 5.93 1024.34 1031.452 315.4 1170.10 85.650.1935 3.808 6.32 1024.63 1031.454 314.3 1170.73 85.700.1945 5.210 6.77 1024.96 1031.456 313.1 1171.36 85.740.1955 5.427 7.30 1025.35 1031.458 316.7 1171.99 85.790.1965 6
41、.008 7.88 1025.77 1031.460 315.6 1172.62 85.840.1975 6.191 8.49 1026.21 1031.462 312.1 1173.25 85.880.1985 6.187 9.10 1026.66 1031.464 310.5 1173.87 85.930.1995 6.664 9.75 1027.14 1031.466 310.8 1174.49 85.970.2005 7.326 0.104 7.65 1031.468 311.4 1175.12 86.020.2015 8.023 0.112 8.21 1031.470 310.2 1
42、175.74 86.070.2025 8.261 0.120 8.81 1031.472 307.3 1176.35 86.110.2035 9.217 0.129 9.44 1031.474 303.4 1176.96 86.160.2045 10.25 0.139 1.02 1021.476 304.8 1177.57 86.200.2055 10.54 0.149 1.09 1021.478 304.4 1178.18 86.240.2065 11.08 0.160 1.17 1021.480 306.8 1178.79 86.290.2075 12.65 0.172 1.26 1021
43、.482 304.4 1179.40 86.330.2085 15.05 0.186 1.36 1021.484 303.9 1180.01 86.380.2095 21.38 0.204 1.49 1021.486 303.3 1180.62 86.420.2105 27.92 0.229 1.67 1021.488 285.5 1181.21 86.470.2115 33.54 0.259 1.90 1021.490 301.5 1181.80 86.510.2125 31.30 0.292 2.14 1021.492 301.8 1182.40 86.550.2135 33.15 0.3
44、24 2.37 1021.494 303.3 1183.00 86.600.2145 40.03 0.360 2.64 1021.496 297.2 1183.60 86.640.2155 36.15 0.399 2.92 1021.498 299.4 1184.20 86.680.2165 32.27 0.433 3.17 1021.500 301.1 1184.80 86.730.2175 35.29 0.467 3.42 1021.502 292.4 1185.40 86.770.2185 44.37 0.506 3.71 1021.504 279.9 1185.97 86.810.21
45、95 46.92 0.552 4.04 1021.506 284.8 1186.53 86.860.2205 47.33 0.599 4.39 1021.508 291.9 1187.11 86.900.2215 39.58 0.643 4.70 1021.510 294.7 1187.70 86.940.2225 49.65 0.687 5.03 1021.512 291.3 1188.28 86.980.2235 63.01 0.744 5.44 1021.514 288.3 1188.86 87.030.2245 58.97 0.805 5.89 1021.516 288.2 1189.
46、44 87.070.2255 52.29 0.860 6.30 1021.518 288.4 1190.01 87.110.2265 39.40 0.906 6.63 1021.520 286.6 1190.59 87.150.2275 39.92 0.946 6.92 1021.522 282.4 1191.16 87.190.2285 51.95 0.992 7.26 1021.524 283.5 1191.72 87.240.2295 47.71 1.04 7.62 1021.526 284.6 1192.29 87.280.2305 52.12 1.09 7.99 1021.528 2
47、84.6 1192.86 87.320.2315 50.97 1.14 8.37 1021.530 276.5 1193.42 87.360.2325 53.26 1.20 8.75 1021.532 282.3 1193.98 87.400.2335 44.74 1.24 9.11 1021.534 278.4 1194.54 87.440.2345 38.97 1.29 9.41 1021.536 280.6 1195.10 87.480.2355 51.42 1.33 9.74 1021.538 277.3 1195.66 87.520.2365 48.59 1.38 0.101 1.540 273.0 1196.21 87.560.2375 48.44 1.43 0.105 1.542 275.3 1196.76 87.60
