1、Designation: E456 082An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected edito
3、rially in January 2009.2NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2010.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11
4、 technical standard indicates that the standard is normativefor that term. Any changes in the term definition in thenormative standard will be editorially changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Te
5、rm definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will benoted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considerednormative for any E11 terms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Spe
6、cificationsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325 Terminology Rela
7、ting to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Develop-ing and Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by At-tributes Indexed by AQLE2281 P
8、ractice for Process and Measurement CapabilityIndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute Data,When There is a Zero R
9、esponse in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a SingleLaboratory Using a Control Sample ProgramE2555 Practice for F
10、actors and Procedures forApplying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess ControlE2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results andUse of the Term Measurement
11、 Uncertainty in ASTM TestMethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on theExponential Distribution2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and SymbolsPart 1 Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2 Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit, AQL, nquali
12、ty limit that is theworst tolerable process average when a continuing series oflots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific
13、principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or international organi-zation, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of a1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality
14、and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E456 06e1. DOI:10.1520/E0456-08E02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
16、 United States.scientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimated by the same contrast and which,therefore, cannot be estimated separat
17、ely. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map,rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as thesampling frame. E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output that is feasible to detect andidentify (see special cause). E2587attribute
18、s data, nobserved values or test results that indi-cate the presence or absence of specific characteristics orcounts of occurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of attributes consists of noting the presence (orabsence) of some character
19、istic or attribute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or do not) possess the quality attribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E2334average outgoing quality (AOQ)the average percent defec-tive of outgoing product including a
20、ll accepted lots orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are notaccepted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E1994average outgoing quality lim
21、it (AOQL)the maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994average quality protectiona type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product after inspection (average
22、outgoingquality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be the level of percent defective inthe product submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL)the average number of times thata process will have been sampled and evaluated before ashift in process
23、level is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average ofsample standard deviations. E2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numberk of different versions from the t versions of a singleprincipal factor arrange
24、d so that every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, l, of blocks from the bblocks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass ofmaterial that is representative of t
25、he whole. E1402c chartcontrol chart that monitors the count of occurrencesof an event in a defined increment of time or space.E2587center lineline on a control chart depicting the average levelof the statistic being monitored. E2587chance causesource of inherent random variation in aprocess which is
26、 predictable within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,helps to distinguish between the items. E2282check samplesee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumera
27、tion of possibledefects of the unit of product arranged according to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unitconsists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured forsampled clusters. E1402coefficient or variation,
28、CVfor a nonnegative characteristic,the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean for apopulation or sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyzeidentical portions of homogeneous materials to assess theperformance ch
29、aracteristics obtained for that method ofanalysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common causesee chance cause. E2587component of variance, na part of a total variance identifiedwith a specified source of variability. E1488completely randomized design, na design in which th
30、etreatments are assigned at random to the full set of experi-mental units. E1325completely randomized factorial design, na factorial ex-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E1325composite design, na design developed specifically forfitting second order response
31、 surfaces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2334confidence coefficient, nthe value, C, of the probabilityassociated with a confidence interval or statistical cover
32、ageinterval. It is often expressed as a percentage.ISO 3534 Part 1E2334confidence interval, nan interval estimate of a populationparameter, calculated such that there is a given long-runprobability that the parameter is included in the interval.E2334confidence level, nsee confidence coefficient. E23
33、34confidence limit, nthe upper or lower limit of a confidenceinterval for a population parameter. E2334confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only a fraction of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations assigned to each
34、 block is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain free from confound-ing. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions) with the eff
35、ect of other factor(s), block factor(s) orE456 0822interactions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specifiedrejectable quality level will be accepted under a definedsampling plan. E2555contrast, na linear function of the observations for whichthe sum of the coefficients is zero.
36、 E1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along withlimits bas
37、ed on the statistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in the process or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or parametersinto a central line value
38、 or control limit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for signaling the need for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587control sam
39、ple, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a laboratory. E2554critical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindividuals using, maintaining, or depending up
40、on the prod-uct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E2234dependent variable, nsee response variable. E1325design of experiments, nthe
41、 arrangement in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorcombinations to be included in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experiment design and experimental design.E1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in
42、whichup to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept orreject a lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentileusing the sample data. This is a sample value such that apercentage p of the sample is less than that value. E2586error of result, na test result minus the acc
43、epted referencevalue of the characteristic. E2655expanded uncertainty, U, nuncertainty reported as a mul-tiple of the standard uncertainty. E2655evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form ofexperimentation conducted in production facilities duringregular production. E1325experimental design,
44、nsee design of experiments. E1325experimental unit, na portion of the experiment space towhich a treatment is applied or assigned in the experiment.E1325experiment space, nthe materials, equipment, environmen-tal conditions and so forth that are available for conductingan experiment. E1325factorial
45、experiment (general), nin general, an experimentin which all possible treatments formed from two or morefactors, each being studied at two or more levels (versions)are examined so that interactions (differential effects) as wellas main effects can be estimated. E13252nfactorial experiment, na factor
46、ial experiment in which nfactors are studied, each of them in two levels (versions).E1325fractional factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatmentsrequired for the complete factorial experiment is selected tobe run. E1325frame, na list, compiled
47、 for sampling purposes, whichdesignates all of the sampling units (items or groups) of apopulation or universe to be considered in a specific study.E1402fully nested experiment, na nested experiment in which thesecond factor is nested within levels (versions) of the firstfactor and each succeeding f
48、actor is nested within versionsof the previous factor. E1325hierarchical experiment, nsee nested experiment. E1325histogram, ngraphical representation of the frequency dis-tribution of a characteristic consisting of a set of rectangleswith area proportional to the frequency. E2586I chart, ncontrol c
49、hart that monitors the individual subgroupobservations. E2587incomplete block design, na design in which the experi-ment space is subdivided into blocks in which there areinsufficient experimental units available to run a completeset of treatments or replicate of the experiment. E1325inspection, nthe process of measuring, examining, testing,or otherwise comparing the unit of product with the require-ments. E2234inspection by attributes, ninspection whereby either theunit of product is classified simply as de
