1、Designation: E2955 13Standard Practice forSimulating Profilograph Response to Longitudinal Profilesof Traveled Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices cover the calculation of profilographresponse to longitudinal profiles of traveled surface rou
3、ghness.1.2 These practices utilize computer simulations to obtainprofilograph responses including: surface sensing wheel (re-cording wheel) vertical displacement, and reference platformwheels (supporting wheels) motions, as a function of distance.1.3 These practices present standard profilograph sim
4、ula-tions for use in the calculations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E950 Test Method for Measuring the Longitudinal Profile ofTraveled Surfaces with
6、an Accelerometer EstablishedInertial Profiling ReferenceE1274 Test Method for Measuring Pavement RoughnessUsing a Profilograph3. Terminology3.1 See Test Method E1274.4. Summary of Practices4.1 These practices use a measured profile (see Test MethodE950) or a synthesized profile as part of a computer
7、 simulationto obtain the response of the surface sensing wheel of aprofilograph. The first practice uses a kinematic profilographsimulation model to obtain typical profilograph profiles as afunction of distance. The second practice obtains the verticaldisplacement of the surface sensing wheel using
8、the surfacesensing wheel size, supporting wheel locations, and the spacingbetween the supporting wheels. The output is the continuousvertical motion of the surface sensing wheel of the simulatedprofilograph for a predetermined distance. The units arerelative vertical movement (millimetres (inches) a
9、t longitudi-nal surface profile location (metres (feet). Pertinent informa-tion affecting the results must be noted.5. Significance and Use5.1 These practices provide a means for evaluating traveledsurface-roughness characteristics directly from a measuredprofile. The calculated output values repres
10、ent profilographresponse to traveled surface roughness.5.2 These practices provide pavement surface profiles toevaluate pavement condition using the profilograph index.6. Apparatus6.1 ComputerThe computer is used to calculate the sur-face sensing wheel vertical displacement of a profilograph withtwe
11、lve reference platform wheels in response to a traveledsurface profile using a synthesized profile or a profile obtainedin accordance with Test Method E950 as the input. Filteringshall be provided to permit calculation (for example, butter-worth low pass or moving average low pass filters).6.2 Data-
12、Storage DeviceA data-storage device shall beprovided for the reading of profiles and the recording andlong-term storage of computed data. Profile data shall be scaledto maintain a resolution of 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) and toaccommodate the full range of amplitudes encountered duringnormal profile-measu
13、ring operations. The device shall notcontribute to the recorded data any noise amplitude larger than0.025 mm (0.001 in.).6.3 Simulation InputDigital profile recordings of pave-ment surface profiles shall be obtained in accordance with TestMethod E950 or synthesized. The profile must be recorded atin
14、tervals no greater than 30.48 mm (1.2 in.). When more thanone path of a traveled surface is measured, the recorded profile1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.33 onMethodology for Analyzing Pa
15、vement Roughness.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/E2955-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
16、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1data for the paths shall be at the same longitudinal locationalong the measured profiles to avoid phase shift between thepaths. The recorded prof
17、ile shall include all of the noted fielddata described in the Procedure (Data Acquisition) and Reportsections of Test Method E950. The length of the pavementsurface profile must be reported with the results; however,caution must be exercised to ensure that transients in thesimulation do not influenc
18、e the results. It is recommended thatthe profile input to the simulation include a lead-in section atleast 150m (500 ft) long to eliminate the effects of start-uptransients.7. Profilograph Simulation Program7.1 These practices use a typical California profilographmodel with twelve supporting wheels
19、as shown in Fig. 1. Themathematical model is described in FHWA report.3The math-ematical model was developed with the following assumptions:7.1.1 All structural connections are perfectly rigid,7.1.2 All hinge joints and wheel bearings are frictionless,and7.1.3 All wheels are at a point-contact with
20、the pavementsurface at all times.7.2 The calculation procedure to produce the profilographvertical movement at position x, R(x), from the recordedpavement surface profile is defined as:4Rx! 5Si51NCiPix 2 di!D2 Prx 2 dr! (1)where:N = the number of wheels in the left and right side of thesupport syste
21、m,PI= the recorded profile, on which the ithwheel is traveling(subscript r refer to those of the surface sensing wheel),di= the offset distance from the location x for each wheel(subscript r refer to those of the surface sensing wheel),andCi= the influence coefficient corresponding to the ithwheel(C
22、i=116 for the 8 right side wheels and Ci=18 for the4 left side wheels).7.2.1 As the California Profilograph shown in Fig. 1 travelson a pavement, 3 profile paths will be passed: 4 left wheelstravel on one path, 8 right wheels travel on another and thethird is under the recording wheel. Comparing the
23、 traces fromthe mathematical model using the same measured profile for allwheels with the real recorded traces using the profilograph onthe same pavement in the study,5showed that both traces aresimilar to each other. Therefore, it can be assumed that allwheels travel on the same profile when comput
24、ing the “Pro-filograph Index” in 8.2.7.2.2 As defined in Test Method E1274, the blanking bandis a band of uniform height with its longitudinal centerpositioned optimally between the highs and lows of theprofilograph trace depicting at least 100 ft of pavement. Ingeneral, a band height between 0.0 mm
25、 (0.0 in.), 2.54 mm (0.1in.), or 5.08 mm (0.2 in.) is used in computing the “Profilo-graph Index” in 8.2.7.2.3 Scallops are the excursions of the trace above andbelow the blanking band as defined in Test Method E1274. Thevertical maximum of a scallop must not be less than 0.762 mm3Kulakowski, B. T.
26、and Wambold, J. C., “Development of Procedures for theCalibration of Profilographs”, Report No. FHWA-DP- 89-110, Federal HighwayAdministration, August 1989.4See http:/www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov/NAPTF/Download/Roughness/CA%20Profilograph%20Index%20Calculation%20Model.doc.5Walker, P. S. and Lin, H. T.
27、, “Profilograph Correlation Study with PresentServiceability Index (PSI)”, FHWA-88-072-002, Federal Highway Administration,1988.FIG. 1 A Typical California Profilograph ConfigurationE2955 132(0.03 in.) and the longitudinal length must be longer than 0.6 m(2 ft) as defined in Test Method E1274 and pr
28、evious studies.6,78. Applications8.1 Excessive Height TemplateA clear plastic piecemarked with a 25.0 6 0.5 mm (1.00 6 0.02 in.) line that is thestipulated cutoff height distance from a straightedge on thetemplate. The cutoff height is defined as 7.614 mm (0.3 in.),10.152 mm (0.4 in.), or 12.69 mm (
29、0.5 in.).8.1.1 The procedure for manually determining bump heightfrom a template and a profilograph paper trace has beenimplemented using a simulated profilograph profile. A BumpHeight Template Index (BHTI) is defined as:BHTI 5ComputedBumpHeightBump HeightLimit5hBhL(2)8.1.2 Therefore, when BHTI exce
30、eds a value of one thelimit has been exceeded. Bump Height Limit, hL,intheequation is equal to the cutoff height.8.2 Profilograph Index (PI)Profilograph Index is definedby the blanking band, scallop height, and total number ofscallops in the segment, m. The equations are defined as:PIsegment5j51mSma
31、x, jLin.mile! (3)where:PI 5k51sPIk3 Lkk51sLkin.mile! (4)where:PIsegment= profilograph index for a segment,Smax, j = the maximum of absolute height in the jthscallop,L = the segment length.8.2.1 Subscript k indicates the kthsegment in the pavementdivided into s segments. L is the segment length.9. Ca
32、libration9.1 There is no calibration involved in the use of thesepractices. The profile collection equipment should be cali-brated in accordance with the manufacturers requirements.10. Report10.1 Report at least the following information for thispractice:10.1.1 Data from profiles obtained in accorda
33、nce with TestMethod E950 including date, the time of day of themeasurement, or the date of the synthesized profile,10.1.2 Profilograph simulation program used,810.1.3 Parameter values used to calculate ProfilographIndex,10.1.4 Parameter values used to calculate Bump HeightTemplate Index, and10.1.5 R
34、esults of the analysis.11. Keywords11.1 bump height; ProFAA; profilograph index; profilo-graph simulation; ProVALAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PROFILOGRAPH INDEX COMPUTER PROGRAMX1.1 Included in this appendix is the coding in VisualBasic.NET language for a computer subroutine (ProFAA),SUBR
35、OUTINE PROFILOGRAPH INDEX (PI), (see Fig.X1.1), which calculates the Profilograph Index as prescribed bythis practice.Asample subroutine is also included, which whenexecuted, prompts the user for the name of a data filecontaining the profile data to be processed and the parametersneeded by the subro
36、utine to compute the PI. The subroutine iscalled and returns the computed PI values to the main programwhich then displays them.X1.2 The sample program can process data files containingtwo profile tracks in either SI or inch-pound units. Forexample, “UnitsOut.ft” in Fig. X1.1 is utilized to converti
37、nch-pound units (feet) to SI units (metres).6American Concrete Pavement Association, “Constructing Smooth ConcretePavements,” ACPA TB-006.0-C, 1990.7“Operation of California Prafilograph and Evaluation of Profiles”, CaliforniaTest 526, 1978.8Currently two computer programs, ProFAA and ProVAL, provid
38、e profilographsimulations and analysis. “ProFAA“ is the Federal Aviation Administrationscomputer program for computing pavement elevation profile roughness indexes(http:/www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov). “ProVAL” is an engineering software applica-tion used to view and analyze pavement profiles (http:/).
39、E2955 133FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph IndexE2955 134FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 135FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph In
40、dex (continued)E2955 136FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 137FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 138FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET
41、 to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 139FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 1310FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 1311FIG. X1.1 Sample Subroutines
42、in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET to Compute Profilograph Index (continued)E2955 1312X2. EXAMPLES OF PROFILOGRAPH SIMULATION AND PROFILOGRAPH INDEX COMPUTATIONX2.1 Included in this appendix is an example of the pro-filograph simulation using the coding in Visual Basic.NETlanguage for the ProFAA computer
43、 subroutine as presented inthe Appendix X1. The simulated profiles using an inertialprofiler collected with 25 mm (1 in.) sample spacing arecompared with measured ones by California type profilograph.The profile comparison and corresponding correlation coeffi-cient (R2) are provided (see Fig. X2.1).
44、X2.2 The two simulation programs (ProFAA and ProVAL)are run and the simulated profiles are compared (see Fig.X2.2). The computed profilograph indexes based on the simu-lated profiles using both airfield and highway profiles arecompared with correlation coefficient (R2) (see Fig. X2.3).FIG. X2.1 Comp
45、arison of Profilograph Measured Profiles with ProFAA Simulated Profiles (Example)E2955 1313FIG. X2.2 Comparison of ProFAA Simulated Profilograph Profiles with ProVAL Simulated Profiles (Example)FIG. X2.3 Profilograph Index (PI) Computations by ProFAA and ProVAL (Example)E2955 1314ASTM International
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