1、Designation: E2893 16Standard Guide forGreener Cleanups1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2893; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the yea
2、r of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Cleaning up sites improves environmental and publichealth conditions and as such can be viewed as “green.”However, cleanup activities use energy, water, and naturalresources.
3、 The process of cleanup therefore creates its ownenvironmental footprint. This guide describes a process forevaluating and implementing activities to reduce the environ-mental footprint of a cleanup project in the United States whileworking within the applicable regulatory framework and sat-isfying
4、all applicable legal requirements.1.2 This guide may also be used as a process for sites thatare not located in the United States; however, the specific legalreferences are not applicable.1.3 This guide describes a process for identifying,evaluating, and incorporating best management practices(BMPs)
5、 and, when deemed appropriate, for integrating aquantitative evaluation into a cleanup to reduce its environ-mental footprint.1.4 This guide is designed to be implemented in conjunctionwith any cleanup framework and should be used with othertechnical tools, guidance, policy, laws, and regulations to
6、integrate greener cleanup practices, processes, and technolo-gies into cleanup projects.1.5 This guide provides a process for evaluating and imple-menting activities to reduce the environmental footprint of acleanup and is not designed to instruct users on how to cleanup contaminated sites.1.6 ASTM
7、also has a guide on Integrating SustainableObjectives into Cleanup (E2876). That guide provides a broadframework for integrating elements of environmental,economic, and social aspects into cleanups. This guide mayprovide assistance with implementing E2876 and other sustain-able remediation guidance,
8、 such as Holland, et al. (2011)(1).1.7 This guide specifically applies to the cleanup, not theredevelopment, of a site. However, the reasonably anticipateduse of a site, if known, may influence the cleanup goals andscope.1.8 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid,minimize, or dela
9、y implementation of specific cleanup activi-ties. Nor should this guide be used as a justification forselecting cleanup activities that compromise stakeholder inter-ests or goals for the site.1.9 This guide does not supersede federal, state, or localregulations relating to protection of human health
10、 and theenvironment. No action taken in connection with implementingthis guide should generate unacceptable risks to human healthor the environment.1.10 This guide may be integrated into complementarystandards, site-specific regulatory documents, guidelines, orcontractual agreements relating to sust
11、ainable or greener clean-ups.1.10.1 If the cleanup is governed by a regulatory program,the user should discuss with the regulator responsible for thesite how this guide could be incorporated into the cleanup andwhether the regulator deems it appropriate for the user to reportthe process and results
12、to the regulatory program.1.10.2 The contractual relationship or legal obligationsexisting between and among the parties associated with a siteor site cleanup are beyond the scope of this guide.1.11 This guide is composed of the following sections:Referenced Documents (Section 2); Terminology (Secti
13、on 3);Significance and Use (Section 4); Planning and Scoping(Section 5); BMP Process (Section 6); Quantitative Evaluation(Section 7); Documentation and Reporting (Section 8); andKeywords (Section 9).1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
14、 use. It is the1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallypublished in
15、 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2893131. DOI:10.1520/E2893-16Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
16、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineering Control
17、sE2876 Guide for Integrating Sustainable Objectives intoCleanup2.2 USEPA Documents:3USEPA, Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice,EPA/600/R-06/060 (May 2006)USEPA, Green Remediation: Best Management Practicesfor Excavation and Surface Restoration, EPA 542-F-08-012 (December 2008)USEPA, Princ
18、iples for Greener Cleanups (August 2009a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Pump and Treat Technologies, EPA 542-F-09-005(December 2009b)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Site Investigation, EPA 542-F-09-004 (December2009c)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management
19、 Prac-tices: Bioremediation, EPA 542-F-10-006 (March 2010a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Soil Vapor Extraction therefore, generally theuser should not eliminate BMPs by BMP category. TheGreener Cleanup BMP Table identifies the BMP category thatbest applies to each BMP. These B
20、MPs are organized into thefollowing BMP categories: (1) Project Planning and TeamManagement; (2) Sampling and Analysis; (3) Materials; (4)Vehicles and Equipment; (5) Site Preparation and Land Res-toration; (6) Buildings; (7) Power and Fuel; (8) Surface andStorm Water; and (9) Residual Solid and Liqu
21、id Waste.3.1.4 BMP processa systematic protocol to identify,prioritize, select, implement, and document the use of BMPs toreduce the environmental footprint of cleanup activities.3.1.5 cleanupthe range of activities that may occur toaddress releases of contaminants at a site from the initiation ofsi
22、te assessment activities to achievement of no further cleanup.The environmental remediation industry also refers to cleanupas remediation or corrective action.3.1.6 cleanup phasethe segments of a cleanup project thattake place from the initiation of site assessment to achievement2For referenced ASTM
23、 standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJeffer
24、son Clinton Federal Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC20004, http:/www.epa.gov.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Appendix X2 for E2893 Technical Summary Form in Wr
25、itable PDF formatavailable from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE289301A-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 2014. Adjunct last revised in2016.6Appendix X3 for E2893 BMP Table in Excel Format available from ASTMInternational Headquarters. OrderAdjunct No. ADJE289302A-EA. Origina
26、l adjunctproduced in 2014. Adjunct last revised in 2016.E2893 162of no further cleanup. This guide divides a cleanup project intothe following five segments: site assessment; remedy selection;remedy design/implementation; operation, maintenance, andmonitoring; and remedy optimization. This terminolo
27、gy isgenerally consistent with standard industry terminology, butdoes not conform to every environmental cleanup program.3.1.7 CERCLAthe Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601et seq., as amended, the primary federal statute that governs theimposition of
28、liability for environmental cleanups. CERCLA iscommonly referred to as Superfund.3.1.8 contaminanta hazardous substance, petroleumproduct, or other chemical that may pose a threat to humanhealth or the environment when present in environmentalmedia.3.1.9 core elementsfor purposes of this guide, five
29、 factorsrepresenting key areas for potentially reducing the environmen-tal footprint of a site cleanup. These factors are: minimize totalenergy use and maximize use of renewable energy; minimizeair pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions; minimize wateruse and impacts to water resources; reduce, reu
30、se, and recyclematerials and waste; and protect land and ecosystems.3.1.10 disturbance of vegetationremoval, cutting, or al-teration of plants, bushes, or canopy trees, particularly thosethat are mature, non-invasive, native species that provide foodsources, micro-climates, nesting areas, or refuge
31、supportingindigenous flora and fauna.3.1.11 emissionsthe discharge of a contaminant to air.However, in the context of life cycle assessment (LCA) andfootprint analysis, this term refers to discharges to air, water,and soil, including site contaminants as well as discharges nottypically considered co
32、ntaminants in site cleanup such aswater, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.3.1.12 environmental footprinta qualitative or quantitativeestimate of various environmental contributions of a cleanupphase or activity to the core elements. A quantitative environ-mental footprint may be obtained thro
33、ugh either a footprintanalysis or LCA. Appendix X4 provides further clarification onthe use of footprint analysis and LCA.3.1.13 environmental lawany federal, state, or localstatute, regulation, or ordinance relating to: the protection ofthe environment; pollution, investigation, or restoration of t
34、heenvironment or natural resources; or the handling,management, use, presence, transportation, processing,disposal, release, or threatened release of any contaminant.The term environmental law in the United States includes, butis not limited to, CERCLA, RCRA, and TSCA.3.1.14 final cleanup goalsthe o
35、bjectives established toaddress contaminants at a site by a regulatory agency orthrough a voluntary cleanup program that, when met, protecthuman health and the environment. Users should review theapplicable cleanup program for more information on establish-ing final cleanup goals at a particular sit
36、e.3.1.15 footprint analysisa quantitative estimate of anenvironmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity. Theanalysis entails the compilation of inputs and outputs toestimate potential contributions (that is, emissions or resourceuse) to the core elements.Afootprint analysis may include rawma
37、terial acquisition, materials manufacturing, and transporta-tion related to the cleanup, in addition to on-site construction,implementation, monitoring, and decommissioning. Resultsfrom a footprint analysis are typically reported as emissions(for example, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide equivalents,
38、 ortotal hazardous air pollutants) or resource use (for example,water, energy, or materials use) organized in terms of the fivecore elements.3.1.15.1 Discussionthere are two fundamental differencesbetween footprint analysis and LCA: (1) an LCA typicallyconsiders the full life cycle of the components
39、 of a cleanupphase or activity. In contrast, a footprint analysis may considerthe full life cycle of the components of a cleanup phase oractivity, but more commonly selects abbreviated boundaries;and (2) results from an LCA are described in terms of humanhealth and environmental impacts whereas the
40、results from afootprint analysis are reported in terms of quantities ofemissions and resource use, without taking the next step toevaluate the human health and environmental impacts fromthose emissions and resource use.3.1.16 greener cleanupthe incorporation of practices,processes, and technologies
41、into cleanup activities with thegoal of reducing impacts to the environment through reduceddemands on natural resources and decreased emissions to theenvironment. A greener cleanup considers the five coreelements, while protecting human health and the environment.In the environmental remediation ind
42、ustry, this term is usedinterchangeably with green cleanup, green remediation, andgreener remediation.3.1.17 greenhouse gasesvaporous constituents of theearths atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorband emit radiation at specific wavelengths, including carbondioxide, methane, nitrous
43、 oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.3.1.17.1 Discussioncarbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide have been the main focus of greenhouse gas emissionevaluations within the environmental remediation industry.3.1.18 guidea compendium of information or series ofoptions t
44、hat does not recommend a specific course of action. Aguide increases the awareness of information and approachesin a given subject area.3.1.19 habitatthe physical and natural environment, in-cluding niche environments (micro-habitats) that support localindigenous species and related supporting veget
45、ation, foodsources, areas for nesting and refuge, soils, and hydrology; andlarger environmental features (macro-habitats), such as a bankon a waterway or vegetated, open, wildlife corridors forforaging and natural migration. Areas of habitat may be usedtemporarily by species and timing of a disturba
46、nce mayminimize impact.3.1.20 hazardous substancea substance defined as a haz-ardous substance pursuant to CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9601(14),as interpreted by EPA regulations.3.1.21 impact categoryan LCA term representing a com-pilation of different emissions or other metrics, such asE2893 163resource use,
47、 that contribute to a specific environmental orhealth effect. Examples of impact categories are globalwarming, aquatic acidification, smog formation, and respira-tory effects. Some emissions and resource use contribute tomore than one impact category.3.1.22 lead environmental professionalfor the pur
48、poses ofthis guide, a person possessing sufficient education, training,and experience to: (1) meet the requirements set forth inPractice E1527 Standard Practice for Environmental SiteAssessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process(2) exercise professional judgment regarding the evaluation
49、and implementation of BMPs for the cleanup phases beingaddressed by this guide, and, if applicable, (3) exerciseprofessional judgment in conducting footprint analyses orLCAs. The person may be the user, an independent contractor,or an employee of the user.3.1.23 life cycle assessment (LCA)a quantitative estimateof an environmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity.The assessment entails the compilation and evaluation ofinputs and outputs to estimate the potential human health andenvironmental impacts from a cleanup phase or activity, fromraw ma
