1、Designation: E2727 10Standard Practice forAssessment of Rainwater Quality1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2727; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a methodology for assessingrainwater quality.1.1.1 This practice identifies a set of research and reportingrequirements that will per
3、mit the intended user to assess therainwater quality of a particular site.1.1.2 This practice characterizes rainwater quality in gen-eral and identifies site conditions that may affect rainwaterquality. Where site conditions affecting rainwater exist, addi-tional assessment techniques may be require
4、d.1.1.3 Objectives guiding the development of this practiceare (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial andcustomary practice for rainwater quality assessment; (2)tofacilitate high quality, standardized water stewardship proto-cols; and (3) to clarify a standard of due diligence that isp
5、ractical and reasonable.1.2 This practice does not establish design requirements forrainwater harvesting systems. However, it may provide infor-mation in support of decisions relative to design and imple-mentation of rainwater harvesting projects.1.3 This practice does not identify use(s) of rainwat
6、er,commercial or otherwise. However, it may provide informationin support of decisions relative to evaluation of propertyconditions and development options.1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experienc
7、e and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment.1.4.1 Water laws vary among governing jurisdictions. It isthe responsibility of the user of this practice to determineregulatory requirements applicable to rainwater quality assess-ment and potential use(s).1.5 The values stated in SI uni
8、ts are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is th
9、eresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: PhaseI Environmental Site Assessmen
10、t ProcessE1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence:Transaction Screen ProcessE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of BuildingsE2635 Practice for Water Conservation in BuildingsThrough In-Situ Water Reclamation2.2 EPA Documents:3CERCLA Comprehensive Environme
11、ntal Response, Com-pensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Super-fund3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adjacent site, nany propert
12、y or properties the borderof which is contiguous or partially contiguous with that of theproperty, or that would be contiguous or partially contiguouswith that of the property but for a street, road, publicthoroughfare, or other physical barrier separating them.3.2.2 brownfield site, nreal property,
13、 the expansion, rede-velopment, or reuse of whichmay be complicated by thepresence or potential presence of a hazardous substance,pollutant, orcontaminant.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe term 9brownfield site9 does notinclude a site described in Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability
14、 Act (CERCLA), com-monly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B), even thoughthis language tracks the definition of 9brownfield site9 inCERCLA Section 101(39)(A) and (B).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustain-ability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
15、E60.01 on Buildings andConstruction.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published October 2010. DOI:10.1520/E2727-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
16、 to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
17、A 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 building department records, nthose records of thelocal government in which the property is located indicatingpermission of the local government to construct, alter, ordemolish improvements on the property.3.2.4 catchment area, nsurface, including hard roofs,from wh
18、ich rainwater may be collected.3.2.5 first flush filter, ndevice that automatically divertsthe first flow of rainwater collected from the catchment area.3.2.5.1 DiscussionA first flush filter device usually con-tains a temporary storage of 50100 L (13.2126.42 gal) (al-though size is determined by sp
19、ecific design objectives of therainwater harvesting system) and a simple valve unit consistingof a ball and seat. The initial rainfall fills the storage and floatsthe ball until it rises up to the seat, blocking the opening to thestorage.3.2.6 intended user, nindividual or organization identifiedby
20、the entity assessing rainwater quality as being the one whorelies on that information to make decisions.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe intended user could be the client,the responsible party, program administrators, regulators, thefinancial community or other affected stakeholders, such aslocal communities,
21、governmental agencies, or non-governmental organizations.3.2.7 nonpotable water, nwater that has not been treatedfor human consumption in conformance with applicable drink-ing water quality regulations.3.2.8 other contaminated site, na facility that is describedin Comprehensive Environmental Respons
22、e, Compensation,and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund,Section 101(39)(B).3.2.8.1 DiscussionA facility that is listed on the NationalPriorities List4or is proposed for listing would be an exampleof a contaminated site.3.2.9 potable water, nwater that does not endanger thelives or he
23、alth of human beings and that conforms to applicableregulations for drinking water quality.3.2.10 rainwater harvesting, vcollecting rainwater from acatchment area and storing it for future use.3.2.11 recognized environmental condition, nthe presenceor likely presence of any hazardous substances or p
24、etroleumproducts that may affect the catchment area.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe term includes hazardous sub-stances or petroleum products even under conditions in com-pliance with laws. The term is not intended to include deminimis conditions that generally do not present a threat tohuman health or the e
25、nvironment and that generally would notbe the subject of an enforcement action if brought to theattention of appropriate governmental agencies. Conditionsdetermined to be de minimis are not recognized environmentalconditions.4. Significance and Use4.1 As the worlds population increases, so does the
26、needfor water to meet various needs. Rainwater harvesting offers aviable, sustainable approach to satisfying various water needs.4.1.1 Rainwater harvesting may be the only source of watersupply for many rural and remote households where no otherwater supply is available. In urban and suburban locati
27、ons,rainwater harvesting may help public water systems reducepeak demands and help delay the need for expanding watertreatment plants.4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm water runoff,nonpoint source pollution, and erosion in urban environments.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting provides for redundan
28、cies anddiversified systems that decrease security issues associatedwith centralized facilities.4.2 An assessment of rainwater quality is necessary fordetermination of appropriate uses for water collected andstored in rainwater harvesting systems. This practice identifiesa set of research and report
29、ing requirements that will permit theintended user to assess the rainwater quality of a particular site.5. Baseline Characterization of Rain Water Quality5.1 Assumptions:5.1.1 The following assumptions are utilized in delineatingbaseline rain water quality.5.1.1.1 Rainwater is considered uncontamina
30、ted until it fallson a surface.5.1.1.2 Proper maintenance is provided for the rainwaterharvesting system in accordance with recommendations of thesystem manufacturer.5.1.1.3 Rainwater that is collected (that is, harvested rain-water) through a leaf/debris screen of minimum 8 mm(0.32 in.) and an inse
31、ct screen of minimum 1 mm (0.039 in.)stainless steel mesh, after a first flush filter, and does not haveunique site considerations as identified in Section 6 shall beassumed to have the baseline quality characteristics listedherein.5.2 Baseline Quality Characteristics:5.2.1 pH 6.0 7.0.5.2.2 Biochemi
32、cal Oxygen Demand (BOD) #10 mg/L(0.00035 oz/0.26 gal).5.2.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) #2.5.2.4 Fecal ColiformNo detectable fecal coli/100 mL(0.027 gal).5.2.5 SodiumNo detectable sodium/100 mL (0.027 gal).5.2.6 ChlorineNo detectable chlorine/100 mL(0.027 gal).5.2.7 EnterovirusesNo detectable
33、 entereoviruses/100 mL(0.027 gal).6. Unique Site Considerations Review Process6.1 The contents of rainwater may vary by geographicalregion and by unique site considerations. Water can collect andtransport particulates and debris. Water can function as asolvent, absorbing contaminants and minerals. T
34、hus, baselinerainwater quality may be affected by the surfaces and sub-stances with which it comes in contact.6.2 Review of the site considerations listed in Table 1 isintended to identify recognized environmental conditions.Recognized environmental conditions will affect water qualityand may limit
35、use of rainwater in potable water applications ornon-potable water applications, or both.4The National Priorities List (NPL) is a list compiled by EPA pursuant toCERCLA 42 U.S.C. 9605(a)(8)(B) of properties with the highest priority forcleanup pursuant to EPAs Hazard Ranking System. (See 40 C.F.R. P
36、art 300.)E2727 1026.2.1 Accuracy and CompletenessAccuracy and com-pleteness of record information varies among informationsources, including governmental sources. Record informationis often inaccurate or incomplete. The entity providing anassessment is not obligated to identify mistakes or insuffici
37、en-cies in information provided, but shall make a reasonable effortto identify mistakes or insufficiencies that are suspected or maybe determined during review of site considerations.6.2.2 Reasonably Ascertainable/Standard SourcesAvailability of record information varies by source, includinggovernme
38、ntal jurisdictions. The entity providing an assessmentis not obligated to identify, obtain, or review every possiblerecord that might exist with respect to a property. Instead, thispractice identifies record information that shall be reviewedfrom standard sources, and such that is reasonably ascerta
39、in-able from those standard sources. Record information that isreasonably ascertainable means (1) information that is publiclyavailable, (2) information that is obtainable from its sourcewithin reasonable time and cost constraints, and (3) informa-tion that is practically reviewable.6.2.3 Publicly A
40、vailableInformation that is publicly avail-able means that the source of the information allows access tothe information by anyone upon request.6.2.4 Reasonable Time and CostInformation that is ob-tainable within reasonable time and cost constraints means thatthe information will be provided by the
41、source within 20calendar days of receiving a written, telephone, or in personrequest at no more than a nominal cost intended to cover thesources cost of retrieving and duplicating the information.Information that can only be reviewed by a visit to the sourceis reasonably ascertainable if the visit i
42、s permitted by thesource within 20 days of request.6.3 Table 1 lists review questions for the site.Answers to thequestions should be obtained from the following sources:TABLE 1 Site Consideration Review QuestionsQuestionConclusion Sources Supporting ConclusionNo Yes Observation Documents InterviewsI
43、s the catchment in an urban environment?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a busy road or highway?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an agricultural propertythat is not fully organic?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an industrial facility?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640
44、 ft) of a fueling station?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a railroad or 1 km(0.62 mi) of a rail yard?Is the catchment within 1 km (0.62 mi) of an airport?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a brownfield or othercontaminated property?Has an environmental Site Assessment conducted in
45、 accordancewith Practice E1527 or Practice E1528, or both, reported arecognized environmental condition within 500 m (1640 ft) of thecatchment area?Is there evidence of recognized environmental conditions within500 m (1640 ft) of the catchment area?Is the catchment area within 10 km (6.2 mi) of coas
46、tal waters?Are there any other unique site conditions, including recent eventsand temporary conditions, that indicate potential to contaminate thecatchment area?E2727 1036.3.1 Physical ObservationReview site, including catch-ment area, and adjacent sites.6.3.2 Document Research:6.3.2.1 Infrastructur
47、eReview water and wastewater infra-structure serving the site. Documents may include site plansand utility records.6.3.2.2 ContextReview context of site, including catch-ment area. Documents may include maps, aerial photographs,zoning plans, and National Atmospheric DepositionProgramNational Trends
48、Network (NADP/NTN) data.NOTE 1The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the lead federalagency for the monitoring of wet atmospheric deposition (chemicalconstituents deposited from the atmosphere via rain, sleet, and snow) inthe United States. The USGS atmospheric deposition program provides:(1) Particip
49、ation and leadership in the NADP/NTN;5and(2) Scientific research and assessment to evaluate the effects ofatmospheric deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.The NADP monitors wet atmospheric deposition at over 250 NTN sitesthroughout the United States. The USGS supports 74 of the roughly 250active NADP/NTN sites. A fundamental NADP program objective is toprovide scientific investigators world-wide with a long-term, high-qualitydatabase of atmospheric deposition for research support in the areas of airquality, water quality, agri
