1、Designation: E2435 05 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forApplication of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use orRedevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental media, such as soil, groundwater, or air, are susceptible
3、 to impact by chemicalreleases associated with past property-use activities; or they may be affected by naturally occurringconditions. Previously developed properties may have been impacted by chemical releases associatedwith historical operations, chemical spill incidents, waste management practice
4、s, or other relatedsources of COCs. In some cases, such chemicals may remain in soil, groundwater, or otherenvironmental media; and, depending on their toxicity, concentration, location, and migrationpotential in the environment, they can pose a potential health risk in the event of exposure of curr
5、entor future property users. Similarly, in the absence of a chemical release caused by human activity,COCs that are naturally present in soils, groundwater, soil vapors, or other environmental media canpose an unacceptable risk to human health, depending on the chemical toxicity and exposure (e.g.,r
6、adon gas emanation into indoor air space of overlying buildings). Under certain conditions, in theabsence of exposure controls, human exposure to chemical-affected environmental media atresidential, commercial, or industrial properties could occur via various exposure pathways, includingbut not limi
7、ted to (1) surface soil direct contact, (2) ambient or indoor air vapor exposure, or (3)affected groundwater impact on subsurface structures or utilities. Other pathways or exposuremechanisms may exist, and if so, should be addressed in a similar manner to those addressed in theguide.1. Scope1.1 Thi
8、s guide presents general considerations for applica-tion of engineering controls to facilitate continued use orredevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil,groundwater, or other environmental media, due either tochemical releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guideis not m
9、eant to be prescriptive but rather to present consider-ations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing po-tential human exposures associated with chemical-affectedenvironmental media.1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken intoaccount when developing an engineering control
10、 in accordancewith this guide.1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers,civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrialparties, environmental consultants, and other persons con-cerned with residential, commercial, or industrial developmentof real properties where
11、chemical-affected environmental me-dia are present. The design process should involve the indi-viduals and firms working on various aspects of the specifica-tions for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site islocated on public property, then public participation should beconsidered dur
12、ing the design process.1.4 This guide is directed toward properties wherechemical-affected environmental media, associated with eitherhuman-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions,will remain in place and where active or passive engineeringcontrols will be used to reduce or eliminate
13、 exposures that mayotherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associatedwith chemical-affected properties that may affect the propertydevelopment plan, both in the construction phase and duringthe proposed use of the property; defines perfor
14、mance stan-dards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, foreach exposure pathway, provides examples of engineeringcontrols that may be applied for new or existing construction.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Correc
15、tive Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2435 05(2010)1.DOI: 10.1520/E2435-05R15.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Design Considerations for Engineering ControlsACheckTask/Description ReferenceBWhenCompleteIf NotApplicableSITE CHARACTERIZATION1. Regulatory FrameworkRegulations: Identify federal, state, and local laws, rules, and o
17、rdinances applicable tosite characterization and engineering controls. Ensure design and installation conform totechnical standards specified in regulations.6.3.9 hhGuidance: Identify relevant guidance documents. 4.6,6.3.9 hhRisk Limits: Define unacceptable risk per regulatory framework or other pro
18、cess. 5.2Permitting: Complete permitting, notification, and activity and use limitations perregulatory requirements.6.3.92. Site Conceptual ModelDelineation: Define extent of chemical-affected environmental media: soil, groundwater,air, other.5.2.1 hhChemicals of Concern: Identify COCs, toxicity, co
19、ncentrations, locations, migrationpotential.5.2.1Receptors: Identify potential receptors, complete exposure pathways, defineanticipated property use during design life of engineering control.5.2.1 hhSITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN1. Considerations for Site Development PlanHuman Contact: Reduce or eliminate hu
20、man contact with chemical-affectedenvironmental media.5.3.1 hhWaste: Limit generation of hazardous waste materials. 5.3.1COC Migration: Prevent off-site migration of COCs. 5.3.1 hhPlume Expansion: Prevent expansion of affected soil and groundwater zones. 5.3.12. Limitations on Site Development PlanS
21、ubsurface Construction: Consider locations of structures and subsurface penetrations,consider direct contact with chemical-affected groundwater during construction.5.3.2 hhExisting Facilities: Consider need to maintain existing engineering controls. 5.3.2DESIGN OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS1. Achievement
22、of Performance StandardRisk Limits: Reduce or eliminate unacceptable risk by either or both of the following:a. By preventing direct contact with chemical-affected environmental media.b. By preventing migration of COCs from chemical-affected environmental media topoint of exposure.6.1.1 hhDesign Lif
23、e: Set design life of engineering control equal to lesser of the following:a. Expected duration of the exposure hazard.b. Expected duration of the site or structure for the specified property use.6.1.2 hh2. Application of Engineering Controls to Specific Exposure PathwaysDirect Contact: Prevent surf
24、ace soil direct contact by either or both of the followinga. Obstructing human contact with chemical-affected soil.b. Impeding the release of wind-driven soil particulates into the air.6.2.1 hhSoil or Groundwater Vapors: Prevent inhalation of vapors at concentrations exceedingunacceptable risk level
25、s by inhibiting migration of vapors to ambient or indoor air.6.2.2 hhGroundwater Impacts: Prevent impact of affected groundwater on subsurface structuresor utilities by installing a barrier to flow.6.2.33. Design SpecificationsQualifications: Prepare design specification by qualified persons having
26、requiredprofessional or regulatory certifications.4.5,6.3 hhParticipation: Solicit, consider, and incorporate input from individuals and firms workingon various aspects of the design, construction, operation, and maintenancespecifications.1.3Documentation: Document design specifications in sufficien
27、t detail to evaluatecompliance with performance criteria.6.3 hhDesign Basis Information: Develop design basis information sufficient to supportengineering design of components of the engineering control.6.3.1Effective Area: Define effective area to address the full area or volume, or both, of theche
28、mical-affected environmental media requiring exposure control.6.3.2 hhDefining Boundary: Specify defining boundary to physically demarcate or documentengineering control or area of chemical-affected media, or both.6.3.2Components: Specify design components of engineering control, including details o
29、fdesign, installation, and operation and maintenance.6.3.3 hhDimensions and Material Specifications: Evaluate the properties of each designcomponent (e.g., material strength, durability, corrosion resistance, chemicalcompatibility) for capability to achieve the specified performance standard for the
30、duration of the design life under anticipated site conditions.6.3.4Treatment System: Specify design for construction or installation of treatment systemfor soil or groundwater, including removal efficiency or required concentrationsafter treatment.6.3.5 hhDocumentation: Prepare record drawings, draw
31、ings conforming to construction records,or other written records to document installation of engineering control.6.3.7 hhINSTALLATION OF ENGINEERING CONTROLSQA/QC Program: Set up system of inspections, monitoring, or testing, or combinationthereof, to confirm installation in accordance with design s
32、pecifications.7.1 hhQualifications: Specify installation by persons qualified to complete work by reason ofprofessional or regulatory certifications.7.2E2435 05 (2015)21.6 This guide will assist in identification of the optimalproperty development plan for a property with chemical-affected environme
33、ntal media. Such a plan will address bothshort-term construction issues and long-term exposures ofproperty users.1.7 This guide does not address the broader range ofenvironmental concerns that are not directly affected by con-struction measures and engineering controls (e.g., protection ofwater reso
34、urces or ecological receptors).1.8 Detailed specifications for site-specific application ofengineering controls are not addressed in this guide. The useris referred to other related ASTM standards and technicalguidelines regarding the implementation of the site evaluationand corrective action proces
35、s, as well as the detailed design,installation, operation, and maintenance of these engineeringcontrols.1.9 The overall strategy for addressing unacceptable risksmay employ either remedial actions or activity and uselimitations, or both. Engineering controls are a subset ofremedial actions given tha
36、t (1) remedial actions involve cuttingoff the exposure pathway or reducing the concentration ofCOCs, or both and (2) that engineering controls only involvecutting off the exposure pathway. Engineering controls arebriefly described in Guide E2091, which describes a broadrange of options for managing
37、risk. This guide covers imple-mentation of engineering controls in a detailed manner, therebyproviding a needed complement to the information provided inGuide E2091.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.11 This
38、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents
39、2.1 The pertinent ASTM standards for development ofengineering controls at chemical-affected properties are listedbelow. Additional standards and other non-ASTM referencesrelated to the development of engineering controls at chemical-affected properties are provided in Appendix X6.2.2 ASTM Standards
40、:2C1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-ants (Withdrawn 2012)3E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Usedin Contact with Soil or Granular Fill under Concrete S
41、labsE1984 Guide for Brownfields Redevelopment (Withdrawn2012)3E2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineering Controls2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
42、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.TABLE 1 ContinuedCheckTask/Description ReferenceBWhenCompleteIf NotAppl
43、icableMONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF ENGINEERING CONTROLSObligatory Requirements: Ensure monitoring requirements comply with enforcementinstruments for site (e.g., consent agreement, consent order, order, permit, etc.).8.1 hhPeriodic Monitoring: Specify type (e.g., visual inspection, physical measure
44、ments,sampling and testing) and frequency, of monitoring programs needed to assessperformance of engineering control and fulfill regulatory requirements. Include triggersfor non-routine monitoring.8.2Maintenance: Describe schedule and procedures for conducting repairs orreplacements indicated by per
45、iodic monitoring.8.3 hhAssessment: Describe procedures for assessing the performance of the engineeringcontrol and implementing changes as needed to address results of the periodicmonitoring.8.4Re-Evaluation: Describe procedures for re-evaluating the performance of theengineering control and impleme
46、nting changes as needed to address (1) a changein land use, regulatory criteria, or site development plan; or (2) a newly identified risk.4.4,5.4,8.4 hhUSE OF ACTIVITY AND USE LIMITATIONSNeed for Activity and Use Limitations: Identify the activity and use limitations to beimplemented along with engi
47、neering controls in order to control risk.9.1 hhRecordation: File activity and use limitations in real property records of governmentalentities having jurisdiction over the site in order to notify future owners and users ofthe site about the presence of engineering controls.9.2ATable presents design
48、 issues to be considered to demonstrate that the design of an engineering control for chemical-affected property has been developed in accordancewith this guide. Consideration of the issues should be documented in accordance with the identified regulatory framework for the site.BReferences indicate
49、sections of this guide.E2435 05 (2015)3E2121 Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems inExisting Low-Rise Residential Buildings3. Terminology3.1 active engineering controlactive engineering controlsystems involve the input of energy (e.g., electrical,mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or otherenergy source) to remove, treat, or control chemical-affectedenvironmental media. Examples of active engineering controlsinclude, but are not limited to, groundwater pumping, vaporextraction, in-situ chemical or biological treatment, activesub-slab ventilation syst
