1、Designation: E 2288 03Standard Guide forPhysical Match of Paper Cuts, Tears, and Perforations inForensic Document Examinations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2288; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (E 444) for examinat
3、ions andcomparisons to determine whether or not two or more paperfragments were at one time joined to form a single piece ofpaper.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items orof exclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures
4、include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature sufficiency of the material available forexamination.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual oruncommon examinations.1.6 This stan
5、dard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
6、ASTM Standards:E 444 Guide for Descriptions of Scopes of Work Relating toForensic Document Examiners2E 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science2E 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned Documents23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this guide, referto Te
7、rminology E 1732 and Terminology E 2195.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for, but may not be limited to,physical match examinations of paper items. The physicalmatching or realignment of items of evidence may occur in twoor three dimensions.4.2 The procedures outlined here are groun
8、ded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following theseprocedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reachan opinion concerning whether or not two or more paperfragments were at one time parts of a single piece of paper.5
9、. Interferences5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherentlimitations that can interfere with the procedures in this guide.Limitations should be noted and recorded.5.2 Limitations can be due to limited quantity, or compara-bility, or condition of the items submitted for examination. Thecon
10、dition of a paper sample may make it unsuitable for sometypes of examinations (for example, items that are watersoaked, stained, soiled, charred, or finely shredded paper).Suchfeatures are taken into account in this guide.5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-cal processing (
11、for example, for latent prints) may interferewith the ability of the examiner to see certain characteristics.Whenever possible, document examinations should be con-ducted prior to any chemical processing. Items should behandled appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent ex-aminations (for exampl
12、e, with clean gloves).5.4 In the absence of individual characteristics, it may onlybe possible to demonstrate an association between two or moreitems through the commonality of class characteristics.6. Equipment and Requirements6.1 Appropriate light source(s) of sufficient intensity toallow fine det
13、ail to be distinguished.NOTE 1Natural light, incandescent or fluorescent sources, or fiberoptic lighting systems are generally utilized. Transmitted lighting, sidelighting, and vertical incident lighting have been found useful.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSc
14、iences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
15、ates.6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Other apparatus as appropriate. Aids in the examinationprocess can include clamps, clips, temporary adhesives, andother materials that will not adversely affect the specimen(s).6.4 Imaging or other equipment for recordin
16、g observationsas required.6.5 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7. Procedure7.1 All procedures shall be performed when applicable andnoted when appropriate. These procedures need not be per-formed in the order given.7.2 Examinations performed, relevant observations,
17、 andresults shall be documented.7.3 At various points in these procedures, a determinationthat a particular feature is not present or that an item is lackingin quality or comparability may indicate that the examinershould discontinue or limit the procedure(s). It is at thediscretion of the examiner
18、to discontinue the procedure at thatpoint and report accordingly or to continue with the applicableprocedures to the extent possible. The reasons for such adecision shall be documented.7.4 Determine whether or not the specimens are broken orseparated.7.5 Determine whether or not the specimens are su
19、itable tobe physically realigned.7.6 Evaluate the specimens for individualizing characteris-tics.7.7 Conduct a side-by-side comparison of the specimensusing the following steps:7.7.1 Visual inspection.7.7.2 Manual alignment.7.7.3 Edge-to-edge realignment.7.7.4 Surface markings.7.7.5 Measurements and
20、 pattern count.NOTE 2Consideration should be given to repackaging the items in amanner that preserves fragile match areas, facilitates recovery, and permitsdemonstration.7.8 Evaluate similarities, differences, and limitations. Deter-mine their significance individually and in combination.7.9 Reach a
21、 conclusion and report accordingly8. Report8.1 Conclusion(s), or opinion(s), or other finding(s) result-ing from the procedures in this guide may be reached oncesufficient examinations have been conducted.8.2 The bases and reasons for the conclusion(s), opinion(s),or finding(s) should be included in
22、 the examiners documen-tation and may also be included in the report.8.3 Once examinations and comparisons have been com-pleted, reports may include, but are not limited to, thefollowing types of conclusions and other findings.8.3.1 The paper fragments were at one time joined to forma single piece o
23、f paper.8.3.2 Although class similarities were observed, there wereinsufficient individual features to determine whether or not thepaper fragments were at one time joined to form a single pieceof paper.8.3.3 The paper samples did not originate from a singlepiece of paper.NOTE 3As a result of the rec
24、onstruction of the paper fragments,additional examinations (for example, latent prints or indentations) maybe appropriate. The report may also include information such as the visibletext, indentations, and contaminants observed following reconstruction.9. Keywords9.1 cut paper; forensic sciences; fr
25、acture fit; fracture match;paper fragments; perforations; physical match; questioneddocuments; torn paperASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that
26、 determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapprov
27、ed or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you fee
28、l that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2288032
