1、Designation: E 2255 04Standard Practice forConducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards inBuildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting visualassessments in buildings to visually identify the type andlocation of
3、potential lead hazards. These potential hazards areassociated with deteriorated leaded paint, lead in dust, or leadin soil.1.2 This practices addresses visual assessment proceduresfor four lead-hazard activities: lead risk (hazard) assessment (E2115), clearance examination (E 2271), assessment of pa
4、intcondition, and re-evaluation inspection.1.3 Because there is considerable overlap among the re-quirements for these four types of lead-hazard activities, thisstandard first describes a generic visual assessment procedure,and then defines a specific procedure for each assessment typein terms of ad
5、ditions to, or deletions from, the genericprocedure.1.4 This practice does not address testing needed to confirmthe presence of lead hazards.1.5 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to ad
6、dress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1605 Termi
7、nology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE 1864 Practice for Evaluating Quality Systems of Organi-zations Engaged in Conducting Facility and Hazard As-sessments to Determine the Presence and Extent of Lead inPaint, Dust, Airborne Particulate, and SoilE 2052 Guide for Identification and Management of Lead
8、Hazards in FacilitiesE2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments ofResidential Housing and other Properties Frequented byChildrenE 2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for Lead Hazard ActivitiesE 2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations FollowingLead Hazard Reduction Acti
9、vities in Single-Family Dwell-ings and Child-Occupied Facilities3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not appearing here, refer toTerminology E 1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 leaded dust hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to
10、lead in surface dust3.2.1.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue guidance or promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum mass per area content of lead in dust that is considered toconstitute a hazard.3.2.2 leaded paint hazard, na condition that might resultin adverse human health e
11、ffects due to lead in deterioratedpaint on all building surfaces, lead in paint on chewablesurfaces, impact surfaces, or dust-producing friction surfaces.3.2.2.1 DiscussionLevels of lead in deteriorated paint,lead in paint on chewable surfaces, dust-producing frictionsurfaces, and impact surfaces th
12、at might adversely effecthuman health may be stated in requirements promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction.3.2.3 leaded-soil hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to lead in bare soil.3.2.3.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue guidance or
13、promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum amount of lead in soil by percent by mass that isconsidered to constitute a hazard.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice supports lead poisoning prevention activi-ties by providing standardized procedures for conductingvisual assessments.1This practic
14、e is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20
15、03 as E 2255 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
16、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 This practice is intended to be used with other ASTMstandards, as appropriate, for conducting lead-hazard assess-ments. Consult Practice E 1864 for information regarding aquality system for field activities and consult Guide E
17、 2052 forguidance in managing lead hazards.4.3 This practice is intended for use by individuals trainedto conduct visual assessments associated with lead-hazardactivities and in reporting their results. This practice is alsoapplicable for use by others interested in visual assessment ofproperties fo
18、r lead hazards, such as building code officials,homeowners, and insurers.5. Requirements for Individuals Conducting VisualAssessments5.1 Persons conducting visual assessments need a range ofexpertise, including the ability to identify the type, extent, andcause of coating deterioration and component
19、 deterioration,and to determine the presence of surface dust, debris, and baresoil. Users of visual assessment services should review theircredentials and experience to determine whether they arequalified to conduct the work.5.1.1 Visual assessments conducted as part of a lead-basedpaint activity wi
20、thin the scope of regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction shall be conducted by appropri-ately certified or licensed individuals.6. Materials and Supplies6.1 Copies of Forms, (see Appendix X1).6.2 Clipboard, for holding forms.6.3 Pencil And Sharpener.6.4 Indelible Ink Pen or Perman
21、ent Marker.6.5 Flashlight, or other self powered portable light source,as needed, for making visual observations in low light levelareas.6.6 Camera (optional), with supporting equipment neededto create photographs that can be labeled.7. Procedure for Conducting the Generic VisualAssessment7.1 Genera
22、l Visual Assessment RequirementsThe follow-ing requirements apply to the conduct of visual assessments:7.1.1 Reporting:7.1.1.1 Use a recording system that uniquely identifies thetype and location of each hazard and each incidence of buildingcomponent deterioration. At a minimum, the recording system
23、must allow a reasonably educated person, when provided withall the records generated from a visual assessment, to deter-mine what hazards and incidences of building componentdeterioration were identified and where each was found. Thispractice provides the individual conducting the visual assess-ment
24、 with the flexibility to use personal choices for somerecording needs.7.1.1.2 Examples of forms (site plans, building facesketches, floor plans, building component condition, paint/dust/debris, and grounds) for recording information are shownin Appendix X1. An example of using these forms is present
25、edin Appendix X2.7.1.1.3 Alternate forms are acceptable provided that theyallow unique identification of all hazards and incidences ofbuilding component deterioration.7.1.1.4 Information recorded on any particular form can belimited to only those areas where potential hazards are found.The example f
26、loor-plan shown in Appendix X2 includes detailfor the living room, dining room and porch only becausepotential hazards were not identified in other rooms. However,the individuals conducting visual assessments are cautionedagainst overly sparse records when no potential hazards arefound. Lack of reco
27、rds may be viewed as a potential indicatorthat portions of the assessed area were not inspected.7.1.1.5 Use of a camera to photographically capture thestructures and grounds included within the boundaries of theassessment area provides a means of complementing forms.7.1.2 Symbols and CodesUse of sym
28、bols and codes is notrequired but is recommended to reduce the effort needed torecord building and grounds locations and observations ofhazards and component deterioration. The symbols and codes,if used, shall be sufficiently defined to identify the items towhich they refer. The codes provided in va
29、rious sections of thisstandard, such as in Tables 1-3, are exemplary; others may beused depending on the needs of the person conducting thevisual assessment.7.2 Existing InformationReview historic lead-hazardevaluation, hazard reduction and clearance reports and otherinformation describing ongoing m
30、aintenance activities, andrelevant building operations to identify changes from previousconditions and locations of renovation, remodeling, construc-tion or abatement activity. Use this review to help define theboundaries of the assessment area.7.3 Multifamily HousingUnits to be assessed shall bedet
31、ermined using appropriate statistical procedures.7.4 Boundaries of Area to Be AssessedIn consultationwith the client requesting the visual assessment, determine theboundaries of the area to be assessed.7.5 Walk-ThroughWalk through the area to be assessed tobecome familiar with the site and verify th
32、e boundaries of thearea to be assessed, if the entire structure is not to be assessed.Portions of the property excluded from the visual assessmentshall be documented and reported.7.6 Component ReplacementIn consultation with the cli-ent requesting the visual assessment, determine whether anywindows
33、or doors penetrating the exterior walls in the assess-ment area have been replaced. In cases where such a windowor door has been replaced, the visual assessment shall includeboth the interior and exterior of the adjacent walls. In addition,the assessment shall include any horizontal surfaces and the
34、ground beneath the replaced windows or doors.7.7 Access to Area to Be AssessedDetermine whether allareas and surfaces to be assessed are accessible and whethermovable building components such as windows and doors inthe areas to be assessed are functional. Resolve, to the extentpossible, problems and
35、 questions associated with access toassessment areas and functionality prior to conducting thevisual assessment. Record incidences of unresolved accessissues and lack of functionality that inhibit the ability to makea visual assessment of those areas or components.E22550427.7.1 Site-Safety Condition
36、sDuring the walkthrough in-spection, identify potential problems associated with sitesafety. Resolve, to the extent possible, such problems that mayimpact the assessment. Record incidences of potential site-safety conditions.7.8 Site-Plan:7.8.1 If the area to be assessed includes any exteriorportion
37、s of a unit or structure, prepare a site-plan for use inrecording findings (see the Site-Plan Form in Appendix X1).7.8.1.1 If a pencil is used for sketching the Site-Plan Form,make the sketch permanent by overwriting it with an indeliblemarker.7.8.2 Show on the Site Plan:7.8.2.1 The relative positio
38、n and shape of the buildings onthe property being assessed and designate the primary structureundergoing visual assessment (see Note 1).TABLE 1 Description of Paint ConditionHazard Hazard Code Description Observed ConditionADeteriorated Paint or OtherCoatingspaint Deteriorated conditions include pai
39、nt or othercoatings that are chalking, checking, cracking, orflaking. Incidental blemishes in painted surfacesdue to factors such as nail holes without crackingof surrounding paint, and so forth, should not bedesignated as deteriorated paint.Note the condition of paint deterioration as follows: $2m2
40、(20 ft2) on the exterior building face $0.2 m2(2 ft2) on an interior building component, on aroom by room basis $10 percent of the total surface area of a component perunit on an exterior or interior component having small surfacearea.Alternatively, note if areas of paint deterioration are smallerth
41、an those described above.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard.Deteriorated FrictionSurfacesfriction Window areas, door areas, painted stair treads andbanisters, or any other observed friction surfacesdisplaying signs of wear due to abrasion.Note the conditio
42、n if friction surfaces display signs of wear dueto abrasion.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard.Deteriorated ImpactSurfacesimpact Surfaces that are frequently banged or bumped(impacted) which can lead to the production ofsmall chips of paint that may be gro
43、und into dust oringested. Potential impact surfaces includebaseboards, doorjambs and outside corners ofwalls. Distinguish impact damage from generalpaint deterioration.Note the condition if impact surfaces display localized damageattributed to impact.Surfaces having no more than incidental impact da
44、mage neednot be noted as a hazard.Deteriorated ChewableSurfaceschew All surfaces showing evidence of teeth marks.Chewable surfaces include windowsills, stairwayspindles, painted furniture on which a child mightchew or teethe.Note the condition if chewable surfaces display evidence ofteeth marks.ACod
45、es, such “A” and “B” can be used to record the observed conditions. The descriptions of the observed conditions are based on non-regulatory values but havebeen found useful in describing the relative size of the potential hazard. If codes are used, they shall be clearly documented as to their meanin
46、g.TABLE 2 Description of Interior Surface Dust, Paint Chips, and DebrisHazard Hazard Code DescriptionGeneral Surface DustAccumulationdust Permanent horizontal surface areas having visible surface dust. Surface areas prone to dust accumulationinclude: Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard molding
47、s; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery; Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards; and EntrywaysPaint Chip Accumulation chip Permanent horizontal surface areas having paint chips.
48、Areas prone to paint chip accumulation include: Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery; and, Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint haza
49、rds.Construction and OtherDebrisdebris Permanent horizontal surface areas having construction or other debris.E2255043NOTE 1When combined with building face sketches, the site-planprovides an unambiguous method of identifying exterior building com-ponents and site features.7.8.2.2 The address or location of the structure, the name ofthe person conducting the assessment, the date of the assess-ment, and the approximate north compass direction.7.8.2.3 Driveways, and play areas, the exterior walls of thebuildings, a unique label for each structure, and
