1、Designation: E 2187 04An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring the Ignition Strength of Cigarettes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe most common initiating event in a fatal fire in the United States is the dropping of a lit cigaretteont
3、o a bed or piece of upholstered furniture. The cigarette coal heats the furnishing materials to thepoint where smoldering combustion begins, perhaps followed by a transition to flaming combustion.Since limiting the frequency of ignitions is a principal approach to reducing fire loss, it is desirable
4、to establish a test method for the propensity of a cigarette to ignite soft furnishings. This test methoduses standard substrates to determine the extent to which, as the substrate draws heat from thecigarette, the cigarette combustion remains strong enough to be capable of initiating a fire.1. Scop
5、e1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a standardmeasure of the capability of a cigarette, positioned on one ofthree standard substrates, to generate sufficient heat to continueburning and thus potentially cause ignition of bedding orupholstered furniture.1.2 This method has value as a predi
6、ctor of the relativepropensity of a cigarette to ignite upholstered furnishings.1.3 This method is applicable to cigarettes that burn alongthe length of a tobacco column.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 T
7、his standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlledconditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factorsrequired for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This stan
8、dard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatemen
9、ts, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE 1353 Test
10、Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered Furniture2.2 Other Standard:Standard for the Flammability of Mattresses and MattressPads, 16 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 16323. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology E
11、 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 full-length burn, nthe outcome of a determination inwhich the cigarette burns to or past the front plane of thetipping paper, which covers the filter and perhaps a shortsection of the tobacco column in a filter tip cigarette, or past thet
12、ips of the metal pins (see 7.5) if the cigarette has no filter.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method measures the probability that a ciga-rette, placed on a substrate, will generate sufficient heat tomaintain burning of the tobacco column. Each determinationconsists of placing a lit cigarett
13、e on the horizontal surfaceconsisting of a set number of layers of filter paper. Observation1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishingsand Contents.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Pub
14、lished August 2004. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 218702b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
15、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.is made of whether or not the cigarette continues to burn to thebeginning of the tipping paper. Forty determinations (compris-ing a test) are perf
16、ormed to obtain the relative probability thatthe cigarette will continue burning despite heat abstraction bythe substrate.5. Significance and Use5.1 The most common initiating event in a fatal fire is thedropping of a cigarette onto a bed or piece of upholsteredfurniture, causing 20 % of the estimat
17、ed U.S. fire deaths from19921996 in residential structures, according to statisticsprovided by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.Test Methods E 1352 and E 1353 have been developed toevaluate the susceptibility of upholstered furniture mock-upsand components to ignition by cigarettes. Feder
18、al Standard 16CFR Part 1632, Standard for the Flammability of Mattressesand Mattress Pads, was promulgated to reduce the likelihoodthat mattresses and mattress pads would ignite from a lightedcigarette.5.2 This test method enables comparison of the relativeignition strength of different cigarette de
19、signs.5.3 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to a set oflaboratory conditions. If different conditions are substituted orthe end use conditions are changed, it may not be possible,using this test, to predict quantitative changes in the fire testresponse characteristics measured. Therefor
20、e, the quantitativeresults are valid only for the fire test exposure conditionsdescribed in this procedure.6. Hazards6.1 This test method involves the use of combustible mate-rials that are exposed to ignition sources. Consequently, theuser shall take proper precautions to avoid thermal injuries.6.1
21、.1 Personnel shall be instructed on general procedures tohandle an unwanted fire. Appropriate fire extinguishing equip-ment shall be provided to suppress any fires that exceed normalcontrolled limits.6.2 Personnel shall take proper precautions to avoid inhal-ing combustion products.6.2.1 Exhaust sys
22、tems shall be checked regularly to ensurethat they are removing all products of combustion from theworkspace.6.2.2 Respiratory equipment shall be made available forpersonnel.6.3 The user shall ensure that all burning has ceased beforediscarding used test materials. An appropriate closed metalwaste c
23、ontainer shall be used in each fire test laboratory forsafe disposal of specimens and test assemblies after beingexposed to heat and fire.7. Apparatus and Equipment7.1 Test and Conditioning EnvironmentAn environmentalconditioning room shall be maintained which provides an areaadequate for conditioni
24、ng both cigarettes and filter paperspecimens. This room shall be capable of maintaining arelative humidity of 55 6 5 % and a temperature of 23 6 3C(73 6 5F) and shall be continuously monitored. The room inwhich the tests are conducted, which may also be the condi-tioning room, shall be maintained wi
25、thin the same temperatureand relative humidity ranges.7.2 Constant Humidity BoxAlternatively, cigarettes andfilter paper shall be stored in a box of sufficient size to hold theneeded quantities of filter paper and cigarettes. The interior ofthe box shall be maintained at a relative humidity of 55 6
26、5%and a temperature of 23 6 3C (73 6 5F) and shall becontinuously monitored. A tray containing a saturated solutionof sodium bromide (NaBr) in water will provide the appropri-ate relative humidity when the box temperature is as pre-scribed. The box shall be located convenient to the testchamber such
27、 that test materials shall not be exposed to anon-conditioned environment for more than 5 min betweentheir removal from the box and the beginning of a test.7.3 Test ChamberA test chamber of the design photo-graphed in Fig. 1 shall be constructed of clear plastic such asPMMA, nominally 6 mm (0.25 in.
28、) in thickness. The insidedimensions shall be: height: 340 6 25 mm (13.4 6 1 in.),width: 292 6 6mm(11.56 0.25 in.), depth: 394 6 6mm(15.5 6 0.25 in.). The full front panel of the chamber shall behinged, with a latch to effect positive closure. The top of thechamber shall have a flattop cylindrical c
29、himney of height 1656 13 mm (6.5 6 0.5 in.) and inside diameter 152 6 6mm(6.00 6 0.25 in.). The chimney shall be centered on thechamber top and sealed to the chamber top panel.7.4 Filter Paper HolderA cylindrical support for thelayers of filter paper, shown in Fig. 2, shall be made of PMMAor similar
30、ly rigid material, dimensioned as follows. The outerdiameter shall be 165 6 1 mm (6.50 6 0.04 in.), the innerdiameter shall be 127 6 1 mm (5.00 6 0.04 in.), and the heightshall be 50 6 1 mm (1.97 6 0.04 in.). A recess in the top, 106 2.5 mm (0.40 6 0.10 in.) deep, shall expand the innerdiameter to 1
31、52 6 1 mm (6.00 6 0.04 in.). Three or four legsshall raise the bottom of the holder approximately 20 mm (0.80in.) above the chamber floor.NOTE 1The outer diameter of the metal rim is not to exceed the innerdiameter of the recess in the filter paper holder.7.5 Metal RimA circular brass or other dense
32、 metal rim,shown in Fig. 2, shall be used to hold the sheets of filter paperflat against each other. The outside diameter of the rim shall be150 6 2 mm (5.90 6 0.08 in.). The inner diameter shall be 1306 2 mm (5.1 6 0.08 in.). The thickness shall be 6.4 6 1mm(0.25 6 0.04 in.). The rim surface shall
33、be flat and smooth. Apair of parallel metal pins, each approximately 1 mm indiameter and 8.1 6 0.05 mm (0.32 6 0.02 in.) apart, shallprotrude 17 6 4 mm (0.65 6 0.15 in.) toward the center of therim. The pins are to be spaced to keep the non-ignited end ofa conventional 25 mm circumference cigarette
34、from rolling,but without pressuring the cigarette. If cigarettes of signifi-cantly different diameter are to be tested, other pairs of pins,appropriately spaced, shall be inserted into the rim.7.6 Cigarette HolderA holder shall be used to support thelit cigarette in a horizontal position in the test
35、 chamber prior toplacement of the cigarette onto the filter paper substrate. Theholder shall not clamp the cigarette nor stress it in any othermanner, nor shall it contact the cigarette within a nominal 30mm (1.2 in.) of its lit end.E21870427.7 Cigarette Ignition SystemA system consisting of anair d
36、raw component and an ignition source shall be used toignite the test cigarettes. The cigarette shall be supported in ahorizontal position. A butane gas lighter capable of producinga stable luminous flame 15 6 3 mm (0.6 6 0.1 in.) in lengthor a hot coil igniter shall be used for lighting the cigarett
37、e. Theairflow and the draw time through the lit cigarette shall besufficient to establish a coal to within 61 mm of the mark 5mm (0.2 in.) from the tip of the cigarette. Appropriate filteringmedia shall be used downstream of the cigarette to removesmoke and condensable combustion gases in order to p
38、reventcontamination of the downstream components.7.8 Exhaust HoodA chemical or canopy hood shall beused for removing combustion products from the test room. Airflow through the hood shall be sufficient to remove cigaretteand substrate combustion products while not being highenough to influence the c
39、ombustion processes in the testchamber(s). (See 8.1.2.)7.9 ExtinguishmentFollowing a determination, the ciga-rette and sheets of filter paper shall be completely extin-guished, for example, by smothering or by application of water.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Calibrations of equipment shall
40、 be carried out as notedbelow and at any time when equipment or test conditionsindicate that evaluation and re-calibration are necessary. Thetime intervals for calibrations stated in this method shall beconsidered to be the minimum.8.1.1 The test chambers shall be checked before use tominimize air l
41、eakage so that the smoke plume from a cigaretterises undisturbed during testing. Door seals shall be checkedvisually to ensure that they are closed flush against theFIG. 1 Photograph of Test Chamber and Filter Paper HolderE2187043chambers side wall and the latching device secures the doortightly. Al
42、l construction seams shall be inspected to ensure theyare airtight and no cracks shall be visible on any surface of thetest chamber. If leaks are detected, measures shall be taken toensure that these areas are again made sufficiently air tight.8.1.2 Stability of air inside the test chamber shall bed
43、etermined daily by placing a lit cigarette in the test position onthree or more layers of filter paper, then closing the chamberdoor. Air movement in the chamber shall be observed to ensurethat smoke being emitted by the cigarette is rising verticallyand is not showing turbulence within nominally 15
44、0 mm (ca. 6in.) above the lit end of the cigarette. If turbulence is noted,then (a) the test chamber shall be checked for leaks, (b) the testchamber locations shall be evaluated for excess air flow in thelaboratory, and (c) the air flow of the exhaust system shall beevaluated as the source of the di
45、sturbance.8.1.3 The humidity and temperature sensors used to recordenvironmental conditions in the conditioning room or thechamber and test room shall be checked for accuracy eachweek.8.1.4 The air draw apparatus used for igniting cigarettesshall be calibrated at least each week using a rotameter, w
46、et testmeter or equivalent device.9. Test Specimens and Standard Substrate Assemblies9.1 Cigarette test specimens and filter paper substrates aresensitive to contamination. Test cigarettes shall be handledonly by the last nominal 25 mm (1 in.) of the end of thecigarette that is not to be lit. The sh
47、eets of filter paper shall notbe handled in the vicinity where the cigarette will contact thepaper during a test. In all cases, the materials shall be handledwith dry hands only.NOTE 2The use of clean, dry, non-powdered surgical gloves canmitigate incidental contamination of the test materials while
48、 maintainingoperator dexterity.9.2 Cigarettes:9.2.1 Cigarette test specimens shall be protected fromphysical or environmental damage while in handling andstorage. It is important that the specimens not be crushed ordeformed in any manner. Measures shall be taken to ensure thatthe specimens are not c
49、ontaminated while in storage and theyshall be protected from degradation by insects. If the speci-mens are to be stored by the testing laboratory for more thanone week, they shall be placed in a freezer at 0C (32F) to20C (4F) reserved for the sole protection of cigarettespecimens to minimize the risk of contamination.9.2.2 Prior to testing, cigarette test specimens shall bemarked, using a #2 or softer graphite pencil or other markingdevice, 5 6 1 mm and 15 6 1 mm (0.2 and 0.6 in., each 60.04in.) from the end of the cigarette that will be lit. These marksare us
