1、Designation: E2156 04 (Reapproved 2013) An American National StandardStandard Guide forEvaluating Economic Performance of Alternative Designs,Systems, and Materials in Compliance with PerformanceStandard Guides for Single-Family Attached and DetachedDwellings1This standard is issued under the fixed
2、designation E2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revis
3、ion or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide on economics is part of a set which together presents a complete performance guide forspecifying and evaluating single-family attached and detached dwellings. The complete set in theseries, when finished, is to include the following attributes:A Structural Sa
4、fety and ServiceabilityB Fire SafetyC Accident SafetyD Health and HygieneE Indoor Air QualityF LightG AcousticsH DurabilityI AccessibilityJ SecurityK EconomicsL FunctionalityM AestheticsN AdaptabilityO MaintainabilityP SustainabilityThe series provides a framework for specifying and evaluating quali
5、ties of building products and systems to meetuser needs without limiting ways and means. The format for this series of standard guides includes performancestatements that consist of four componentsObjectives, Criteria, Evaluation, and Commentary (O-C-E-C)whichtogether provide a systematic performanc
6、e-based approach for the intended purpose.Each standard guide in the set presents a collection of information and a series of options available to the specifier.The standard guides include examples of performance statements that may be used for the specification andevaluation of residential designs,
7、 materials, products, components, subsystems, and systems.1. Scope1.1 What This Guide DoesThis guide helps designers,builders, home owners, and other stakeholders to identify andevaluate benefits and costs in order to make efficient choicesbetween two or more traditional alternatives and betweentrad
8、itional alternatives and new-technology products, systems,materials, and designs. It directs the users to ASTMclassifications, practices, adjuncts, and computer programs thatimplement the appropriate economic method to evaluate thesebenefits and costs in making technology choices. The focus,however,
9、 is on a nine-step process for using two ASTMpracticeslife-cycle costing (LCC), E917, and the analyticalhierarchy process (AHP), E1765to measure and evaluate theeconomic and overall performance of investments in single-family attached and detached dwellings. This guide containsthree appendixes. The
10、first two are designed to help usersidentify and evaluate benefits and costs. Appendix X1 containsa classification of benefits and a methodology for estimatingthese benefits. Appendix X2 contains a classification of costsand a methodology for estimating these costs. Appendix X3illustrates how to eva
11、luate the economic performance of three1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on WholeBuildings and Facilities.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in
12、2001. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2156 04. DOI:10.1520/E2156-04R13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1alternative carpet materials, two traditional products and anew-technology product, when considering the
13、 guide for du-rability.1.2 Purpose of This GuideThe purpose of this guide is tohelp users make cost-effective choices between traditionalalternatives and new technologies permitted under perfor-mance standards. This guide (1) explains how the lack ofeconomic information discourages the introduction
14、of newtechnologies; (2) helps decision makers to identify and classifythe key types of benefits and costs associated with both newtechnologies and traditional alternatives; (3) shows how toselect alternatives that meet the performance standards, butcost less than traditional alternatives; and (4) sh
15、ows how toincorporate nonfinancial information into the decision-makingprocess, enabling performance to be defined and using costsand other criteria.1.3 Relationship of This Guide to Other Performance Stan-dards GuidesIn this guide, economic analysis is used toevaluate and compare the economic perfo
16、rmance of traditionalalternatives and new technologies permitted under perfor-mance standards for single-family attached and detacheddwellings. Use this economic analysis guide in evaluatingalternatives permitted under any of the other 15 performanceattributes, either singly or in combination. The o
17、bjective ofeconomic analysis in this guide is to identify cost-effectivechoices among traditional alternatives and new technologiespermitted under performance standards. The other 15 perfor-mance attributes define the scope of the economic analysis.That is, cost-effectiveness derives from better eco
18、nomic valuewhile providing comparable or better technical performancefor each attributes O-C-E-C performance statements.Consequently, to evaluate the economic performance of alter-native residential designs, materials, products, components,subsystems, or systems permitted under performancestandards,
19、 the user of this guide must first select one or moreattributes, use the O-C-E-C framework to develop and presentthe corresponding performance statements, and identify thealternatives to be evaluated. Appendix X3, for example,evaluates carpeting with respect to the durability attribute andthe econom
20、ics attribute.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economi
21、c Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE1557 Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE1765 Practice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Buildings and Building SystemsE2151 Terminology of Guides
22、for Specifying and Evaluat-ing Performance of Single Family Attached and DetachedDwellings2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to Practice E917Computer Program and Users Guide to BuildingMaintenance, Repair, and Replacement Database forLife-Cycle Cost Analysis, Adjunct to Practices E917
23、,E964, E1057, E1074, and E1121Computer Program and Users Guide to AHP/Expert Choicefor ASTM Building Evaluation, Adjunct to ClassificationsE1557, E1660 through E1671, E1693, E1694, E1700, andE1701, and Practices E917, E964, E1057, E1074, andE17653. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms
24、used in this guide,refer to Terminologies E631, E833, and E2151.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 building economics, nthe application of economicanalysis to the design, financing, engineering, construction,management, operation, maintenance, repair, ownership, ordisposition o
25、f buildings.3.2.2 commentary, nan informative narrative explainingaspects of the performance statement.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe commentary explains how the ob-jective relates to user needs in fields such as physiology,psychology, and tradition; how the criteria are established,including guides for sett
26、ing different levels of performance tomeet various user needs; and the reliability of the evaluationmethod. The commentary also includes example solutions thatare deemed to comply with the performance statement.3.2.3 criteria, nquantitative statements defining the levelor range of performance necess
27、ary to meet an objective or,where such a level or range cannot be established, the units ofmeasurement of the performance.3.2.4 evaluation, nthe method of assessing conformanceof the element being addressed to the criteria.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe evaluation states the standards,inspection methods, ana
28、lysis, review procedures, historicaldocumentation, test methods, in-use performance, engineeringanalyses, models, or other means to be used in assessingwhether or not a criterion has been satisfied.3.2.5 specifier, nthe individual or organization using thestandard guides to specify and accept design
29、s, materials,products, components, subsystems, or buildings to be providedby providers.3.2.6 user need, na statement of the activities and behav-ior to be carried out in relation to the dwelling by its residents,or other users, defined in terms of motor, kinetic, physiological,psychological, emotion
30、al, and other parameters of humanbehavior.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2156 04 (2013)24.
31、Significance and Use4.1 Why This Guide Is NeededThe lack of information oneconomic consequences discourages the introduction of newtechnologies permitted under performance standards. The eco-nomic information needs are further complicated becausedecisions to adopt or accept a new technology are made
32、 bydifferent types of stakeholders (for example, building materialsmanufacturers, home builders, and home owners). Thus, thetype of economic information treated in this guide and theassociated standard classifications, practices, adjuncts, andcomputer programs covers the information needs of the ent
33、iregroup of key stakeholders.4.2 Use of This Guide by Specificers and ProvidersTomake efficient choices, decision makers require factual infor-mation on both how a particular alternative addresses therelevant performance statements and how much it costs. TheO-C-E-C framework enables the specifier to
34、 develop theperformance statements that satisfy one or more user needs andincorporate them into a request for proposals. Providers re-spond to the request for proposals by offering designs,materials, products, components, subsystems, or systems foracceptance. Because cost is one aspect of each provi
35、dersresponse, the specifier has an opportunity to request informa-tion from the provider that may be used in evaluating economicperformance. This guide is intended as a resource from whichthe specifier compiles lists of information to be collected aspart of each providers response to the request for
36、 proposals. Itis also intended for use by providers in preparing their responseto the specifier. The generic types of information that thespecifier may request from the provider in their response to therequest for proposals are described in Appendix X1 for benefitsand Appendix X2 for costs. A detail
37、ed example based on thedurability attribute is given in Appendix X3.4.3 Use of Economic Tools for Evaluating NewTechnologiesHaving a package of economic tools (methodsand software) that helps decision makers identify and evaluatebenefits and costs when choosing between traditional alterna-tives and
38、new-technology products, systems, materials, anddesigns will accelerate the introduction and acceptance of newtechnologies which are cost effective.4.4 Use of ASTM Standards on Building EconomicsStandard practices for using life-cycle costing (LCC), E917,and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), E
39、1765, to measurethe economic and overall performance of investments inbuildings and building systems have been published byASTM.Two computer programs3,4that produce economic measuresconsistent with these practices are available. The BuildingMaintenance, Repair, and Replacement Database Program andth
40、e Discount Factor Tables have been published (Adjuncts toE917) by ASTM to facilitate computing measures of perfor-mance for the LCC practice. The economic tools described inthis guide apply to the evaluation of all the building elementsas described in the series of performance standard guides aswell
41、 as in the UNIFORMAT II elemental Classification E1557.4.5 Features and Limitations of Economic ToolsFor adescription of how to calculate the economic measures, how tointerpret them, and their limitations, see Practice E917 for theLCC method and Practice E1765 for the AHP method.5. Performance State
42、ments5.1 ObjectiveSelect the alternative (design, material,product, component, subsystem, or system) that results in thebest economic value while satisfying the technical performancecriteria of one or more performance attributes.5.2 Criteria:5.2.1 Life-Cycle CostingSelect the alternative that mini-m
43、izes life-cycle cost while satisfying the technical perfor-mance criteria of one or more performance attributes.5.2.2 Analytical Hierarchy ProcessSelect the alternativethat maximizes the final overall desirability score while satis-fying the technical performance criteria of one or moreperformance a
44、ttributes.5.3 Evaluation:5.3.1 Life-Cycle CostingUse Practice E917.5.3.2 Analytical Hierarchy ProcessUse Practice E1765.5.4 CommentaryUse the nine-step process outlined in6.1-6.9 to evaluate the economic performance of each alterna-tive and select the best economic choice.6. How to Use This Guide6.1
45、 Select the Performance Attribute(s)Select one or moreof the other fifteen ASTM performance attributes. Use theO-C-E-C framework to develop and present the correspondingperformance statements for the performance attribute(s) ofinterest. Use information received from providers in responseto the speci
46、fiers request for proposals, or by other means, as asource of data to support the economic analysis.6.2 Select the Building Alternatives to be EvaluatedSelectat least two building alternatives for evaluation. Designate onealternative as the base case. It is generally easiest to use atraditional alte
47、rnative (that is, design, system, or material) asthe base case. Select one or more new-technology or conven-tional alternatives to be evaluated vis-vis the base case.Select only alternatives which are acceptable substitutes inperformance for the base-case alternative.6.3 Select the Economic Method:6
48、.3.1 Life-Cycle Costing (Practice E917)6.3.1.1 The life-cycle cost (LCC) method provides a frame-work for comparing life-cycle costs of alternative buildingdesigns, systems, or materials that satisfy the same perfor-mance statements.6.3.1.2 The LCC method measures, in present-value orannual-value te
49、rms, the sum of all relevant costs associatedwith owning, operating, and disposing of a building, buildingsystem, or associated building materials, or a combinationthereof, over a specified time period, referred to as the studyperiod.3Petersen, S.R., BLCC-The NIST “Building Life-Cycle Cost“ Program, Version4.3, Users Guide and Reference Manual, NISTIR 5185-3, Gaithersburg, MD:National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995.4Chapman, R.E., Marshall, H.E., and Forman, E.H., Users Guide to AHP/Expert Choice for ASTM Building Evaluation, MNL
