1、Designation: E 2156 04An American National StandardStandard Guide forEvaluating Economic Performance of Alternative Designs,Systems, and Materials in Compliance with PerformanceStandard Guides for Single-Family Attached and DetachedDwellings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2156
2、; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapprova
3、l.INTRODUCTIONThis guide on economics is part of a set which together presents a complete performance guide forspecifying and evaluating single-family attached and detached dwellings. The complete set in theseries, when finished, is to include the following attributes:A Structural Safety and Service
4、abilityB Fire SafetyC Accident SafetyD Health and HygieneE Indoor Air QualityF LightG AcousticsH DurabilityI AccessibilityJ SecurityK EconomicsL FunctionalityM AestheticsN AdaptabilityO MaintainabilityP SustainabilityThe series provides a framework for specifying and evaluating qualities of building
5、 products andsystems to meet user needs without limiting ways and means. The format for this series of standardguides includes performance statements that consist of four componentsObjectives, Criteria,Evaluation, and Commentary (O-C-E-C)which together provide a systematic performance-basedapproach
6、for the intended purpose.Each standard guide in the set presents a collection of information and a series of options availableto the specifier. The standard guides include examples of performance statements that may be used forthe specification and evaluation of residential designs, materials, produ
7、cts, components, subsystems,and systems.1. Scope1.1 What This Guide DoesThis guide helps designers,builders, home owners, and other stakeholders to identify andevaluate benefits and costs in order to make efficient choicesbetween two or more traditional alternatives and betweentraditional alternativ
8、es and new-technology products, systems,materials, and designs. It directs the users to ASTM classifi-cations, practices, adjuncts, and computer programs that imple-ment the appropriate economic method to evaluate thesebenefits and costs in making technology choices. The focus,however, is on a nine-
9、step process for using two ASTMpracticeslife-cycle costing (LCC), E 917, and the analyticalhierarchy process (AHP), E 1765to measure and evaluate theeconomic and overall performance of investments in single-family attached and detached dwellings. This guide containsthree appendixes. The first two ar
10、e designed to help usersidentify and evaluate benefits and costs. Appendix X1 containsa classification of benefits and a methodology for estimatingthese benefits. Appendix X2 contains a classification of costs1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and
11、is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on WholeBuildings and Facilities.Current edition approved Oct 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 2156 01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
12、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and a methodology for estimating these costs. Appendix X3illustrates how to evaluate the economic performance of threealternative carpet materials, two traditional products and anew-technology product, when considering the guide for du-rability.1.2 Purpose o
13、f This GuideThe purpose of this guide is tohelp users make cost-effective choices between traditionalalternatives and new technologies permitted under perfor-mance standards. This guide (1) explains how the lack ofeconomic information discourages the introduction of newtechnologies; (2) helps decisi
14、on makers to identify and classifythe key types of benefits and costs associated with both newtechnologies and traditional alternatives; (3) shows how toselect alternatives that meet the performance standards, butcost less than traditional alternatives; and (4) shows how toincorporate nonfinancial i
15、nformation into the decision-makingprocess, enabling performance to be defined and using costsand other criteria.1.3 Relationship of This Guide to Other Performance Stan-dards GuidesIn this guide, economic analysis is used toevaluate and compare the economic performance of traditionalalternatives an
16、d new technologies permitted under perfor-mance standards for single-family attached and detacheddwellings. Use this economic analysis guide in evaluatingalternatives permitted under any of the other 15 performanceattributes, either singly or in combination. The objective ofeconomic analysis in this
17、 guide is to identify cost-effectivechoices among traditional alternatives and new technologiespermitted under performance standards. The other 15 perfor-mance attributes define the scope of the economic analysis.That is, cost-effectiveness derives from better economic valuewhile providing comparabl
18、e or better technical performancefor each attributes O-C-E-C performance statements. Conse-quently, to evaluate the economic performance of alternativeresidential designs, materials, products, components, sub-systems, or systems permitted under performance standards,the user of this guide must first
19、 select one or more attributes,use the O-C-E-C framework to develop and present thecorresponding performance statements, and identify the alter-natives to be evaluated. Appendix X3, for example, evaluatescarpeting with respect to the durability attribute and theeconomics attribute.2. Referenced Docu
20、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand
21、 Building SystemsE 1557 Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE 1765 Practice for Applying the Analytical Hierarchy Pro-cess (AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of Invest-ments Related to Buildings and Building SystemsE 2151 Terminology of Guides for Specifying an
22、d Evaluat-ing Performance of Single Family and Detatched Dwell-ings2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to Practice E 917Computer Program and Users Guide to Building Mainte-nance, Repair, and Replacement Database for Life-CycleCost Analysis, Adjunct to Practices E 917, E 964, E 1057,E 1
23、074, and E 1121Computer Program and Users Guide to AHP/Expert Choicefor ASTM Building Evaluation, Adjunct to ClassificationsE 1557, E 1660 through E 1671, E 1693, E 1694, E 1700,and E 1701, and Practices E 917, E 964, E 1057, E 1074,and E 17653. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms use
24、d in this guide,refer to Terminologies E 631, E 833, and Terminology E 2151.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 building economics, nthe application of economicanalysis to the design, financing, engineering, construction,management, operation, maintenance, repair, ownership, ord
25、isposition of buildings.3.2.2 commentary, nan informative narrative explainingaspects of the performance statement.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe commentary explains how the ob-jective relates to user needs in fields such as physiology,psychology, and tradition; how the criteria are established,including gui
26、des for setting different levels of performance tomeet various user needs; and the reliability of the evaluationmethod. The commentary also includes example solutions thatare deemed to comply with the performance statement.3.2.3 criteria, nquantitative statements defining the levelor range of perfor
27、mance necessary to meet an objective or,where such a level or range cannot be established, the units ofmeasurement of the performance.3.2.4 evaluation, nthe method of assessing conformanceof the element being addressed to the criteria.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe evaluation states the standards,inspection
28、methods, analysis, review procedures, historicaldocumentation, test methods, in-use performance, engineeringanalyses, models, or other means to be used in assessingwhether or not a criterion has been satisfied.3.2.5 specifier, nthe individual or organization using thestandard guides to specify and a
29、ccept designs, materials,products, components, subsystems, or buildings to be providedby providers.3.2.6 user need, na statement of the activities and behav-ior to be carried out in relation to the dwelling by its residents,or other users, defined in terms of motor, kinetic, physiological,psychologi
30、cal, emotional, and other parameters of humanbehavior.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E215604
31、24. Significance and Use4.1 Why This Guide Is NeededThe lack of information oneconomic consequences discourages the introduction of newtechnologies permitted under performance standards. The eco-nomic information needs are further complicated becausedecisions to adopt or accept a new technology are
32、made bydifferent types of stakeholders (for example, building materialsmanufacturers, home builders, and home owners). Thus, thetype of economic information treated in this guide and theassociated standard classifications, practices, adjuncts, andcomputer programs covers the information needs of the
33、 entiregroup of key stakeholders.4.2 Use of This Guide by Specificers and ProvidersTomake efficient choices, decision makers require factual infor-mation on both how a particular alternative addresses therelevant performance statements and how much it costs. TheO-C-E-C framework enables the specifie
34、r to develop theperformance statements that satisfy one or more user needs andincorporate them into a request for proposals. Providers re-spond to the request for proposals by offering designs, mate-rials, products, components, subsystems, or systems for accep-tance. Because cost is one aspect of ea
35、ch providers response,the specifier has an opportunity to request information from theprovider that may be used in evaluating economic perfor-mance. This guide is intended as a resource from which thespecifier compiles lists of information to be collected as part ofeach providers response to the req
36、uest for proposals. It is alsointended for use by providers in preparing their response to thespecifier. The generic types of information that the specifiermay request from the provider in their response to the requestfor proposals are described in Appendix X1 for benefits andAppendix X2 for costs.
37、A detailed example based on thedurability attribute is given in Appendix X3.4.3 Use of Economic Tools for Evaluating NewTechnologiesHaving a package of economic tools (methodsand software) that helps decision makers identify and evaluatebenefits and costs when choosing between traditional alterna-ti
38、ves and new-technology products, systems, materials, anddesigns will accelerate the introduction and acceptance of newtechnologies which are cost effective.4.4 Use of ASTM Standards on Building EconomicsStandard practices for using life-cycle costing (LCC), E 917,and the analytical hierarchy process
39、 (AHP), E 1765, to mea-sure the economic and overall performance of investments inbuildings and building systems have been published byASTM.Two computer programs3,4that produce economic measuresconsistent with these practices are available. The BuildingMaintenance, Repair, and Replacement Database P
40、rogram andthe Discount Factor Tables have been published (Adjuncts toE 917) by ASTM to facilitate computing measures of perfor-mance for the LCC practice. The economic tools described inthis guide apply to the evaluation of all the building elementsas described in the series of performance standard
41、guides aswell as in the UNIFORMAT II elemental ClassificationE 1557.4.5 Features and Limitations of Economic ToolsFor adescription of how to calculate the economic measures, how tointerpret them, and their limitations, see Practice E 917 for theLCC method and Practice E 1765 for the AHP method.5. Pe
42、rformance Statements5.1 ObjectiveSelect the alternative (design, material,product, component, subsystem, or system) that results in thebest economic value while satisfying the technical performancecriteria of one or more performance attributes.5.2 Criteria:5.2.1 Life-Cycle CostingSelect the alternat
43、ive that mini-mizes life-cycle cost while satisfying the technical perfor-mance criteria of one or more performance attributes.5.2.2 Analytical Hierarchy ProcessSelect the alternativethat maximizes the final overall desirability score while satis-fying the technical performance criteria of one or mo
44、reperformance attributes.5.3 Evaluation:5.3.1 Life-Cycle CostingUse Practice E 917.5.3.2 Analytical Hierarchy ProcessUse Practice E 1765.5.4 CommentaryUse the nine-step process outlined in6.1-6.9 to evaluate the economic performance of each alterna-tive and select the best economic choice.6. How to
45、Use This Guide6.1 Select the Performance Attribute(s)Select one ormore of the other fifteen ASTM performance attributes. Usethe O-C-E-C framework to develop and present the corre-sponding performance statements for the performance at-tribute(s) of interest. Use information received from providersin
46、response to the specifiers request for proposals, or by othermeans, as a source of data to support the economic analysis.6.2 Select the Building Alternatives to be EvaluatedSelectat least two building alternatives for evaluation. Designate onealternative as the base case. It is generally easiest to
47、use atraditional alternative (that is, design, system, or material) asthe base case. Select one or more new-technology or conven-tional alternatives to be evaluated vis-vis the base case.Select only alternatives which are acceptable substitutes inperformance for the base-case alternative.6.3 Select
48、the Economic Method:6.3.1 Life-Cycle Costing (Practice E 917)6.3.1.1 The life-cycle cost (LCC) method provides a frame-work for comparing life-cycle costs of alternative buildingdesigns, systems, or materials that satisfy the same perfor-mance statements.6.3.1.2 The LCC method measures, in present-v
49、alue orannual-value terms, the sum of all relevant costs associatedwith owning, operating, and disposing of a building, buildingsystem, or associated building materials, or a combinationthereof, over a specified time period, referred to as the studyperiod.6.3.1.3 The basic premise of the LCC method is that, to aninvestor or decision maker, all costs arising from an investment3Petersen, S.R., BLCC-The NIST 9Building Life-Cycle Cost9 Program, Version4.3, Users Guide and Reference Manual, NISTIR 5185-3, Gaithersburg, MD:National Institute of Standar
