1、Designation: E2148 11bE2148 16 An American National StandardStandard Guide forUsing Documents Related to Metalworking or MetalRemoval Fluid Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health
3、and safety of metalworking and metal removalfluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed inSection 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This standard do
4、es not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
5、dards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straig
6、ht Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and SafetyE1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal
7、Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace AtmospheresE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and OperationsE2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco
8、bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count MethodE2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) MethodE2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Preventio
9、n of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment2.2 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid
10、 Environment: A Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids3Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids4Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer to Termi
11、nologies D1356, E1542, and E2523.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health andSafety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current ed
12、ition approved Dec. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2016. Published January 2012October 2016. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asE2148 - 11a.E2148 - 11b. DOI: 10.1520/E2148-11B.10.1520/E2148-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Cust
13、omer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 Sunderland Place, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http:/www.orc-4 Available from U.S. Depa
14、rtment of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.5 Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at
15、 http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.htmlThis document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately d
16、epict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
17、19428-2959. United States13.2.1 endotoxin, npyrogenic high molar mass lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex associated with the cell wall ofgram-negative bacteria.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThough endotoxins are pyrogens, not all pyrogens are endotoxins. Endotoxins are specifically detected through a LimulusAmoeb
18、ocyte Lysate (LAL) test.3.2.2 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworking fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce thefinished part.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by this practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further dilution with water
19、, andwater-miscible soluble oils, semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with water before use. Metal removalfluids become contaminated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace substances including, but not limited to,abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners,
20、 dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,microbiological decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect the health and welfa
21、re of employees in contact with the contaminatedmetal removal fluid.3.2.3 mutagenicity index, nthe slope of the dose response curve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test described in TestMethod E1687.4. Significance and Use4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how
22、 to use the various documents listed in Section 2 relatedto health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metalremoval fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those produc
23、ers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interestedparties, such as non governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may eachwant to focus on certain documents which are directl
24、y applicable to them:4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et.al6 (see also M
25、aron et al7). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virginbase oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well-versed in the conduct of theAmestest and conversant with the physical and chemical pr
26、operties of petroleum products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in theformulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptablemutagenicity index
27、or mutagenic potency index.4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity ofwater-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4
28、.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids andwill assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:4.5.1 E1497 Practice for S
29、election and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe use of metal removal fluids, additives and biocides. This includesproduct selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids
30、 are typically used at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely.Additionally, thereis potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and biocides.4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-trea
31、ted petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oilsof animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included instraight oil formulations.6 Ames, B.N. et al., Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 347-363.7 Maron, D. et al, Mutatio
32、n Research, Vol. 113, 1983, pp. 173-215.E2148 1624.5.2 E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment4.5.2.1 Practice E1972 sets forth guidelines for minimizing effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all pr
33、actical means and mechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to control effectsof aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for the determination of both total collecte
34、d particulate matter and extractablemass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.4.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared toexisting exposure databases, us
35、ing a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheres4.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial
36、endotoxinconcentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledgeof microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols present potential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale the
37、m.4.5.4.3 Users of Practice E2144 may obtain personal exposure data of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, either on ashort-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.4.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 Practice E214
38、4 seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data frommetalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing
39、 a basis for endotoxin sampling,extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.5.1 Practice E2169 provides recommendations for selecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use in water-miscible
40、 metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents information regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factorsincluding target microbes, efficacy and chemical compatibility.4.5.5.2 Practice E2169 is not an encyclopedic compilation of all the concepts and terminology uses by chemists, microbiolo
41、gits,toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers and regulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selection andapplication. Instead, it provides a general understanding of the selection process and its supporting considerations.4.5.6 E2657 Test Method Practice for Determination
42、 of Endotoxin Concentration in Water Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.6.1 Test Method Practice E2657 covers quantitative methods for the sampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterialendotoxin concentrations in water miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).4.5.6.2 Users of Test Method Practice E265
43、7 should be familiar with the handling of MWF.4.5.6.3 Test Method Practice E2657 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used on site, Test Method Practice E2657 gives an indication of changes in Gram-negative bacterial contamination in theMWF.(2) Test Method Practice
44、 E2657 does not replace Practice E2144.4.5.6.4 Test Method Practice E2657 seeks to minimize inter-laboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.6.5 Test Method Practice E2657 is intended to relate endotoxin concentration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.5.7 E2563
45、Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate CountMethod4.5.7.1 Test Method E2563 covers the detection and enumeration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacteria(RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aqueous metalworking fl
46、uids (MWF) in the presence of high non-mycobacterial background population using standard microbiological culture methods.4.5.7.2 NTM such as Mycobacterium immunogenum have been implicated as causative agents of the respiratory disease,extrinsic allergic aveolitis (also known as hypersensitivity pne
47、umonitis; HP).4.5.7.3 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobacterial densities combined with the total mycobacterial counts(including viable culturable (VC), viable-non culturable (VNC) and non viable (NV) counts) is usually the first step in establishingany possible relationship between Myc
48、obacteria and occupational health concerns (for example, HP).4.5.7.4 Test Method E2563 can be employed in survey studies to characterize the viable-culturable mycobacterial populationdensities of metal working fluid field samples.4.5.7.5 Test Method E2563 is also applicable for establishing the myco
49、bacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formulationsby determining mycobacterium survival by means of plate count technique.4.5.7.6 Test Method E2563 can be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria in metalworkingfluids.4.5.8 E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)MethodE2148 1634.5.8.1 Test Method E2564 describes a direct microscopic counting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid fast stainedmycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It can be used
