1、Designation: E 2141 06Standard Test Methods forAssessing the Durability of Absorptive ElectrochromicCoatings on Sealed Insulating Glass Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the accelerated aging andmonitoring of the time-dependent per
3、formance of electrochro-mic windows. Cross sections of typical electrochromic win-dows are shown2in which devices have four or five-layers ofcoatings that include the two or three active layers sandwichedbetween transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs, see Section3).1.2 The test methods are applicab
4、le only for multilayered(two or more coatings between the TCEs) absorptive electro-chromic coatings on sealed insulating glass (IG) units fabri-cated for vision glass (superstrate and substrate) areas for usein buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, andexterior wall systems. The multi
5、layers used for electrochromi-cally changing the optical properties may be inorganic ororganic materials between the superstrate and substrate.1.3 The electrochromic coatings used in this test method areexposed to solar radiation and are deployed to control theamount of radiation by absorption and r
6、eflection and thus, limitthe solar heat gain and amount of solar radiation that istransmitted into the building.1.4 The test methods are not applicable to other chromoge-nic devices, such as, photochromic and thermochromic de-vices.1.5 The test methods are not applicable to electrochromicdevices con
7、sisting of three layers of coatings including the twotransparent conducting electrodes (see Section 3).1.6 The test methods are not applicable to electrochromicwindows that are constructed from superstrate or substratematerials other than glass.1.7 The test methods referenced herein are laboratory t
8、estsconducted under specified conditions. These tests are intendedto simulate and, in some cases, to also accelerate actualin-service use of the electrochromic windows. Results fromthese tests cannot be used to predict the performance with timeof in-service units unless actual corresponding in-servi
9、ce testshave been conducted and appropriate analyses have beenconducted to show how performance can be predicted from theaccelerated aging tests.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
10、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC 1199 Test
11、 Method for Measuring the Steady-State Ther-mal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot BoxMethodsE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or ProcessE 632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid
12、Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components andMaterialsE 892 Tables for Terrestrial Solar Spectral Irradiance at AirMass 1.5 for a 37 Tilted SurfaceE 903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, andTransmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres4E 1423 Practice for Determining
13、 Steady State ThermalTransmittance of Fenestration SystemsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials2.2 Canadian Standards:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Building Constructions and is the direct res
14、ponsibility of Subcom-mittee E06.22 on Durability of Building Constructions.Current edition approved May 15, 2006. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 2141 022A. W. Czanderna and C. M. Lampert, “Evaluation Criteria and Test Methods forElectroch
15、romic Windows,” SERI/PR-255-3537 (July 1990), Golden, CO: SolarEnergy Research Institute.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
16、ary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.CAN/CGSB 12.8 Insulating Glass Units53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology in C 168, E 632, andG113for descriptions of general terms.3
17、.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accelerated aging testan aging test in which the rateof degradation of building components or materials is inten-tionally accelerated from that expected in actual service.3.2.2 bleached statea descriptor for an ECW when noions reside in the ele
18、ctrochromic layer or after ions have beenremoved (or inserted, depending on the type of material) fromthe electrochromic layer(s) and if applicable, the maximumnumber of ions have been returned to the counterelectrodelayer to restore the tbfrom that of the photopic optical speculartransmittance in t
19、he colored state (tc).3.2.3 colored statea descriptor for an ECW after ionshave been inserted (or removed, depending on the type ofmaterial) into the electrochromic layer and, if applicable,removed from the counterelectrode layer to reduce the photo-pic optical specular transmittance (of wavelengths
20、 from 400nm to 730 nm) from that in the bleached state (tb).3.2.4 durabilitythe capability of maintaining the service-ability of a product, component, assembly or construction overa specified time.3.2.5 electrochromic coatingthe multilayered materialsthat include the electrochromic layers, other lay
21、ers, and trans-parent conducting oxide layers required for altering the opticalproperties of the coating.3.2.6 electrochromic layer(s)the material(s) in an ECWthat alter its optical properties in response to the insertion orremoval of ions, that is, Li+or H+.3.2.7 electrochromic window (ECW)a window
22、 consistingof several layers of electrochromic and attendant materials,which are able to alter their optical properties in response to achange in an applied electric field. The changeable opticalproperties include transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance.3.2.8 ion conducting layerthe material in
23、an ECWthrough which ions are transported between the electrochromiclayer and the ion storage layer and electron transport isminimized.3.2.9 ion storage layer or counter electrode layerthematerial in an ECW that serves as a reservoir for ions that canbe inserted into the electrochromic layer.3.2.10 p
24、erformance parametersthe photopic transmit-tance ratio (PTR), of at least 5:1 (PTR = tb/tc) between thebleached (that is, tbof 60 % to 70 %) and colored (that is, tcof12 % to 14 %) states; coloring and bleaching times of a fewminutes; switching with applied voltages from 1-3 V; andopen-circuit memor
25、y of a few hours, that is, contemporaryECWs typically have open circuit memories of 6 to 24 h.3.2.11 serviceabilitythe capability of a building product,component, assembly or construction to perform the func-tion(s) for which it was designed and constructed.3.2.12 service life (of a building compone
26、nt or material)the period of time after installation during which all propertiesexceed minimum acceptable values when routinely main-tained.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test methods are intended to provide a means forevaluating the durability of ECWs as described in 1.2.1,2,6(SeeAppendix X1).5. Ba
27、ckground5.1 Observations and measurements have shown that someof the performance parameters of ECWs have a tendency todeteriorate over time. In selecting the materials, device design,and glazing for any application, the ability of the glazing toperform over time is an indication of that glazings dur
28、ability.The ability of the product to perform over time, at or betterthan specified requirements, is an indication of the service lifeof the glazings. While these two indicators are related, thepurpose of this standard test method is to assess the durabilityof ECWs.5.2 ECWs perform a number of impor
29、tant functions in abuilding envelope including: minimizing the solar energy heatgain; providing for passive solar energy gain; controlling avariable visual connection with the outside world; enhancinghuman comfort (heat gain), security, ventilation, illumination,and glare control; providing for arch
30、itectural expression, and(possibly) improving acoustical performance. Some of thesefunctions may deteriorate in performance over time. Solar heatgain through an ECW is decreased because of two principalprocesses. Energy from the visible part of the spectrum isabsorbed by an ECW in the colored state.
31、 In addition, infraredradiation is either absorbed by the ECW materials or isreflected by the transparent conducting oxide layers that areused for applying the coloring or bleaching potentials acrossthe other layers in the ECW.5.3 It is possible, but difficult to predict the time-dependentperformanc
32、e of ECWs from accelerated aging tests because ofthe reasons listed below. Users of this document should beaware of these limitations when reviewing published perfor-mance results and their connection to durability.5.3.1 The degradation mechanisms of ECW materials orglazings, or both, are complex. I
33、n some cases, however, thesemechanisms may be determined and quantified.5.3.2 The external factors that affect the performance ofECWs are numerous and may be difficult to quantify. However,in some cases, the use, the environmental factors, and otherinformation that influence performance may be known
34、.5.3.3 Fenestration units with tested ECWs may be differentfrom those planned for use in service. Some companies have adatabase of in-service performance that can be compared tolaboratory results.5Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), Place du PortageIII, 6B1 11 Laurier Street Gati
35、neau, Quebec, Canada.6A. W. Czanderna, D. K. Benson, G. J. Jorgensen, J-G. Zhang, C. E. Tracy, andS. K. Deb, “Durability Issues and Service Lifetime Prediction of ElectrochromicWindows for Buildings Applications,” NREL/TP-510-22702, May 1997, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO; Solar En
36、ergy Materials and SolarCells, 56 (1999) pp. 419-436.E21410625.4 Degradation factors (or stresses) for ECWs include theion insertion and removal processes; temperature; solar radia-tion (especially UV); water vapor; atmospheric gases andpollutants; thermal stresses such as shock from sudden rain, as
37、well as during the diurnal and annual temperature cycles;electrochemically induced stresses in the multilayer thin-filmdevice; hail, dust, and wind; condensation and evaporation ofwater; and thermal expansion mismatches2,6. These factorsmay singularly or collectively limit the stability and durabili
38、tyof ECWs. Because the ECWs are expected to have themultilayer of coatings on one of the surfaces in the air space ofdouble-pane or triple-pane IG units with an inert gas fill in thesealed space, many factors such as high humidity, atmosphericgases and pollutants, condensation and evaporation of wat
39、er,and dust should not affect the durability of electrochromiccoatings in IG units2.5.4.1 Establishing test procedures from which ECW dura-bility can be predicted and validated for in-service use is anextremely crucial element for the commercialization of ECWs,even for niche markets. To reduce the n
40、umber of acceleratedtest parameters that are required to predict the long-termperformance of ECWs, accepted procedures or methods havenot been established for testing ECWs.2Because no uniformlyaccepted procedures or methods have been established for thereal-time testing of ECWs and because manufactu
41、rers andusers cannot wait 20 or more years for the real-time evaluationof each window design, accelerated life testing (ALT) methodsand procedures must be used for evaluating ECW stability2,6.These include (a) rapid but realistic current-voltage (I-V)cyclic tests emphasizing the electrical propertie
42、s, (b)ALTparameters that are typically used in durability tests bystandards organizations, (c) ALT parameters that are realisticfor the intended use of large-area ECWs, and (d) how the ALTresults must be related to real-time testing2. The purpose of thistest method is to assess the durability of ECW
43、s (at least 250 66mm3 250 6 6mm(106 1/4 in. 3 10 6 1/4 in.).NOTE 1CautionThe seals in IGUs may fail at lower temperaturesthan those planned for testing, that is, 70 to 105C. A seal failure willvirtually guarantee failure of the ECW coating, so no assessment of theECW coating will be made if a seal f
44、ails during a test.NOTE 2the test method may also be used for smaller ECWs to assessthe durability of prototype devices. The testing parameters chosen onlyprovide modest acceleration factors. However, the quantitative parametersdiscussed in (a)(c) above are presented and include a detailed descripti
45、onof the procedures for using an accelerated weathering unit (AWU) (SeePractice E 122).6. Apparatus (See Figs. 1 and 2 and Section 8.3 forDescriptive Detail)6.1 Accelerated Weathering Unit (AWU) consisting ofproperly filtered xenon-arc lamps to simulate over the appli-cable degradative wavelength re
46、gion (UV plus visible) at leastone-sun of solar irradiance at AM 1.5 (global) at sea level(E 892), a controlled temperature chamber, and humiditycontrol in the chamber.6.2 Voltage Cycling Unit for imposing voltage cycles toalternately and repeatedly color and bleach the ECWs from afully bleached sta
47、te to the colored state and back to thebleached state.FIG. 1 Top-View Schematic Diagram of the Essential Components of an Environmental Test Chamber and Computer-ControlledElectrical Cycling and Data Acquisition System for Accelerated Weathering of Electrochromic Window DevicesE21410636.3 Computer C
48、ontrolled Photodiode Array Spectrophotom-eter that is, for obtaining and storing data from the electro-optical characterization of the optical transmittance in thecolored and bleached state and measuring the rate of coloringand bleaching.6.4 Oven that is large enough for the largest ECW to betested
49、and that can reach the ECW testing temperature. Theoven must also be designed to permit using the equipment in6.3 for optical measurements while the ECW is maintained atthe temperature chosen for testing in theAWU described in 6.1.6.5 Tungsten Lamp. A spectrum from the source must becompatible with the fiber optic illumination of the photodiodearray spectrophotometer described in 6.3.6.6 Digital Camera.6.7 Video Camera and Recorder.6.8 Calibrated Thermocouples.6.9 Electrical Leads from the Unit in 6.2 to each ECW inthe AWU described in 6.1.7. Test Specimens7.1 Te
