1、Designation: E 2121 03Standard Practice forInstalling Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing Low-RiseResidential Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2121; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes methods for reducing radonentry into existing attached and detached residential bui
3、ldingsthree stories or less in height. This practice is intended for useby trained, certified or licenced, or both, or otherwise qualifiedindividuals.1.2 These methods are based on radon mitigation techniquesthat have been effective in reducing radon levels in a widerange of residential buildings an
4、d soil conditions. These fanpowered mitigation methods are listed in Appendix X1. Moredetailed information is contained in references cited throughoutthis practice.1.3 This practice is intended to provide radon mitigationcontractors with a uniform set of practices that will ensure ahigh degree of sa
5、fety and the likelihood of success in retrofit-ting low rise residential buildings with radon mitigationsystems.1.4 The methods described in this practice apply to cur-rently occupied or formerly occupied residential buildings,including buildings converted or being converted to residentialuse, as we
6、ll as, residential buildings changed or being changedby addition(s), or alteration(s), or both. The radon reductionactivities performed on new dwellings, while under construc-tion, before occupancy, and for up to one year after occupancy,are covered by Guide E 1465.1.5 This practice also is intended
7、 as a model set of practices,which can be adopted or modified by state and local jurisdic-tions, to fulfill objectives of their specific radon contractorcertification or licensure programs. Radon mitigation per-formed in accordance with this practice is considered ordinaryrepair.1.6 The methods addr
8、essed in this practice include thefollowing categories of contractor activity: general practices,building investigation, systems design, systems installation,materials, monitors and labeling, post-mitigation testing, anddocumentation.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety con
9、cerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 forspecific safety hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
10、ds:E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions2E 779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate byFan Pressurization2E 1465 Guide for Radon Control Options for the Designand Construction of New Low-Rise Residential Buildings2E 1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor RetardersUsed in Contact Wit
11、h Soil or Granular Fill Under ConcreteSlabs3E 1998 Guide for Assessing Depressurization-InducedBackdrafting and Spillage from Vented Combustion Appli-ances32.2 Government Publications:EPA “A Citizens Guide to Radon (Second Edition),” EPA402-K92-001, May 19924EPA “Consumers Guide to Radon Reduction,”
12、 EPA 402-K92-003, August, 19924EPA “Home Buyers and Sellers Guide,” EPA 402K-00008, July 20004EPA “Handbook, Sub-Slab Depressurization for Low-Permeability Fill Material,” EPA/625/6-91/029, July19914EPA “Radon Reduction Techniques for Existing DetachedHouses, Technical Guidance (Second Edition),” EP
13、A/625/587/019, Revised January, 19884EPA “Radon Reduction Techniques for Existing DetachedHouses, Technical Guidance (Third Edition) for ActiveSoil Depressurization Systems,” EPA/625/R-93-011, Oc-tober, 199341This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings
14、and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on AirLeakage and Ventilation Performance.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published February 2003. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 212102a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.3Annual Book of
15、 ASTM Standards, Vol 04.12.4Available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 PennsylvaniaAvenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.EPA “Radon Mitigation Standards,” EPA 402-R-93-078
16、,April, 19942EPA “National Emission Standard for Asbestos,” 40 CFR61, Subpart MEPA “Asbestos School Hazard Abatement ReauthorizationAct” regulation 40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E4OSHA “Respiratory Protection Standard,” 29 CFR1920.134 (1998)5OSHA “Safety and Health Regulations for Construction,Ionizing R
17、adiation,” 29 CFR 1926.535OSHA “Hazard Communication Standard for the Construc-tion Industry,” 29 CFR 1926.595OSHA “Asbestos Standard for the Construction Indus-try” 29 CFR 1926.11025OSHA “Occupational Safety and Health Regulations, Ioniz-ing Radiation,” 29 CFR 1910.965NIOSH “Guide to Industrial Res
18、piratory Protection,”NIOSH Publication No. 871166NCRP “Measurement of Radon and Radon Daughters inAir,” NCRP Report No. 97, 198872.3 ANSI/ASHRAE Standards:ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 621989, Ventillation forAccept-able Indoor Air Quality8ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 621989, Ventillation forAccept-able IndoorAir Qu
19、ality,Appendix B, Positive CombustionAir Supply83. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this practiceare defined in accordance with Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 active soil depressurization (ASD), na family ofradon mitigation systems in
20、volving mechanically-driven soildepressurization, including sub-slab depressurization (SSD),sump pit depressurization (SPD), drain tile depressurization(DTD), hollow block wall depressurization (BWD), and sub-membrane depressurization (SMD) (see Appendix X2).3.2.2 backdrafting, na condition where th
21、e normal move-ment of combustion products up a flue (due to the buoyancy ofthe hot flue gases), is reversed, so that the combustion productsenter the building (see pressure-induced spillage).3.2.3 communication test, na diagnostic test to evaluatethe potential effectiveness of a sub-slab depressuriz
22、ation sys-tem by applying a vacuum beneath the slab and measuring,either with a micromanometer or with a heatless smoke device,the extension of the vacuum field. Also called pressure-fieldextension test.3.2.4 contractor, nfor the purposes of this practice, acontractor is one who contracts to perform
23、s radon reductionactivities or is an employee of one who contracts to perform orperforms radon reduction activities, with the expectation thatpayment will be received for the work performed. A personwho does radon reduction activities as an employee of abuilding owner is also a contractor for purpos
24、es of this standardpractice. Persons whose normal activity is not radon reduction,but who do work related to radon reduction like indoor airquality consultants, radon consultants, plumbers, building con-tractors, or employees of these persons are all viewed ascontractors when performing radon reduct
25、ion activities cov-ered by this practice.3.2.5 crawlspace depressurization (CSD) (active), na ra-don mitigation technique designed to achieve lower air pres-sure in the crawlspace than in the rooms bordering and abovethe crawlspace. A radon fan, draws air from the crawl spaceand exhausts that air ou
26、tside the building. Crawlspace depres-surization is intended to mitigate rooms bordering and abovethe crawlspace but not the crawlspace itself. All CSD systems,for purposes of this practice, are active.3.2.6 depressurization, na negative pressure induced inone area relative to another.3.2.7 diagnost
27、ic tests, nprocedures used to identify orcharacterize conditions under, beside and within buildings thatmay contribute to radon entry or elevated radon levels or thatmay provide information regarding the performance of amitigation system.3.2.8 drain tile depressurization (DTD) (active), na typeof ac
28、tive soil depressurization radon mitigation system wherethe suction point piping attaches to a drain tile or is located ingas-permeable material near the drain tile. The drain tile orperimeter drain may be inside or outside the footings of thebuilding.3.2.9 hollow wall depressurization (BWD) (active
29、), naradon mitigation technique that depressurizes the void spacewithin a foundation wall (usually a block wall). A radon faninstalled in the radon system piping draws air from within thewall.3.2.10 manifold piping, nthis piping collects the flow ofsoil-gas from two or more suction points and delive
30、rs thatcollected soil-gas to the vent stack piping. In the case of asingle suction point system, there is no manifold piping sincethe suction point piping connects directly to the vent stackpiping. The manifold piping starts where it connects to thesuction point piping and ends where it connects to
31、the ventstack piping.3.2.11 mechanically-ventilated crawlspace system, naradon-control technique designed to increase ventilation withina crawlspace by use of a fan.3.2.12 mitigation system, nany system or steps designedto reduce radon concentrations in the indoor air of a building.3.2.13 natural dr
32、aft combustion appliance, nany fuelburning appliance that relies on natural convective flow toexhaust combustion products through flues to outside air.3.2.14 occupiable spaces, nfor purposes of this practice,are areas of buildings where human beings spend or couldspend time, on a regular or occasion
33、al basis.3.2.14.1 DiscussionExamples of occupiable spaces arethose that are or could be used for sleeping, a work shop, a5Available from the U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration, Office of Public Affairs, Room N3647, 200 Constitution Avenue,Washington, DC 20210.6Av
34、ailable from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 200Independence Avenue, SW, Room 715H, Washington, DC 20201.7Available from the National Commission on Radiation Protection and Mea-surement, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814.8Available from the American Socie
35、ty of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329.E2121032hobby, reading, student home work, a home office, entertain-ment (TV, music, computer, etc.), physical work-out, laundry,games, or childs play.3.2.15 pressure-field extension, nthe distan
36、ce that a pres-sure change, created by drawing soil-gas through a suctionpoint extends outward in a sub-slab gas permeable layer, undera membrane, behind a solid wall, or in a hollow wall (seecommunication test).3.2.16 pressure-induced spillage, nthe unintended flow ofcombustion gases from an applia
37、nce/venting system into adwelling, primarily as a result of building depressurization (seebackdrafting).3.2.17 radon system piping, nthis active or passive soildepressurization piping is composed of three parts: suctionpoint piping, manifold piping, and vent stack piping.3.2.18 re-entrainment, nthe
38、unintended re-entry of radoninto a building from leaks in the radon system piping, fromleaks in the fan housing, or from the discharge of the vent stackpiping.3.2.19 soil-gas, nthe gas mixture present in soil, whichmay contain radon.3.2.20 soil-gas-retarder, na continuous membrane orother comparable
39、 material used to retard the flow of soil gasesinto a building. See Specification E 1745 for permeance anddurability of water vapor retarders that may be used assoil-gas-retarders.3.2.21 submembrane depressurization (SMD) (active), naradon mitigation technique designed to achieve lower airpressure u
40、nder a soil-gas-retarder membrane than above it. Forexample, a soil-gas-retarder membrane could be used to coverthe soil found on a crawlspace floor.Aradon fan installed in theradon system piping draws air from below the soil-gas-retardermembrane.3.2.22 sub-slab depressurization (SSD) (active), na r
41、adonmitigation technique designed to achieve lower air pressureunder a floor slab than above it. A radon fan installed in theradon system piping draws soil-gas from below the floor slab.3.2.23 sub-slab depressurization (passive), na radon miti-gation technique designed to achieve lower air pressure
42、undera floor slab than above it. The radon system piping is routedthrough the conditioned (heated and cooled) space of abuilding.3.2.24 suction point piping, none end of this pipingpenetrates the slab, the solid wall, the hollow wall, themembrane, the sump cover, or the drain tile. The other endexte
43、nds outward to the first accessible pipe connection beyondthe penetration of the soil-gas barrier.3.2.25 sump pit depressurization (SPD) (active), na typeof active soil depressurization radon mitigation system wherethe suction point piping enters the sump pit, that has a sealedgasketed cover, throug
44、h the side or through the cover.3.2.26 vent stack piping, nthis piping collects the soil-gasfrom the suction point pipe of single suction point systems orfrom the manifold piping of multi-suction point systems. Thereare no branches in vent stack piping; soil-gas is collected at oneend of the vent st
45、ack piping and is discharged from the buildingat the other end. In active soil depressurization systems, theradon fan is installed in the vent stack piping.3.2.27 ventilation, nthe process of introducing outdoor airinto a building.3.2.28 working level (WL), na unit of radon decay productexposure. Nu
46、merically, any combination of short-lived radondecay products in one litre of air that will result in the ultimateemission of 130 000 MeV of potential alpha energy. Thisnumber was chosen because it is approximately the total alphaenergy released from the short lived decay products in equi-librium wi
47、th 100 pCi of Rn-222.3.2.29 working level month (WLM), na unit of exposureused to express the integrated human exposure to radon decayproducts. It is calculated by multiplying the average workinglevel to which a person has been exposed by the number ofhours exposed and dividing the product by 170.4.
48、 Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes methods for mitigating elevatedlevels of radon in existing attached and detached residentialbuildings three stories or less in height.4.2 The mitigation process is described in terms of thecategories of activity associated with radon mitigation andincl
49、udes: general practices, building investigation, systemsdesign, systems installation, materials, monitors and labeling,post-mitigation testing, and contracts and documentation.4.3 The systems installation category contains subsectionsdescribing the specific requirements applicable to each of thecomponents of radon mitigation systems, for example, radonsystem piping, radon fans, sealing, electrical, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of the methods, systems, and designsdescribed in this practice is to reduce radiation exposures foroccupants
