1、Designation: E2115 15Standard Guide forConducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and ofOther Child-Occupied Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document and reportfindings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings an
3、d of otherchild-occupied facilities.1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such astoys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute toelevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwell-ings having multiple units are not
4、 included.1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresE631 Terminology of Building
6、ConstructionsE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1644 Practi
7、ce for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determination of LeadE1645 Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples byHotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent LeadAnalysisE1726 Practice for Preparation of Soil Samples by HotplateDigestion for Subsequent Lead AnalysisE1727 Practic
8、e for Field Collection of Soil Samples forSubsequent Lead Determination (Withdrawn 2014)3E1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples UsingWipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-nationE1729 Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samplesfor Subsequent Lead Determination (Wit
9、hdrawn 2014)3E1753 Practice for Use of Qualitative Chemical Spot TestKits for Detection of Lead in Dry Paint FilmsE1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination ofLeadE2051 Practice for the Determination of Lead in Paint,Settled Dust, Soil
10、and Air Particulate by Field-PortableElectroanalysis (Withdrawn 2010)3E2119 Practice for Quality Systems for Conducting In SituMeasurements of Lead Content in Paint or Other CoatingsUsing Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Devices(Withdrawn 2009)3E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Pre
11、servationfor Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2252 Practice for Selection of Lead Hazard ReductionMethods for Identified Risks in Residential Housing orChild Occupied FacilitiesE2255/E2255M Practice for Conducting VisualAssessmentsfor Lead Hazards in Buildings1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
12、ittee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2115 06 which waswithdrawn January 2
13、015 and reinstated in May 2015. DOI: 10.1520/E2115-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The la
14、st approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other Documents:40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention i
15、n Certain Resi-dential Structures (especially subparts D, L and Q)4Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-BasedPaint Hazards in Housing, 2nd Edition, July 2012 (“HUDGuidelines”)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms not appearing here, refer toTerminologies E631 and
16、E1605.3.1.2 lead hazard assessment, nan investigation of build-ings and associated areas in the immediate vicinity of thebuildings conducted to determine the location, type, andseverity of lead hazards.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide discusses the conduct of a lead hazardassessment, in a stepwise
17、progression, using a systematicapplication of the three general tasks listed below. Simultane-ous conduct of several activities within these tasks generally isperformed.4.1.1 Task 1Pre-site visit activities: Preparing for theon-site visit.4.1.2 Task 2On-site activities: Conducting field work.4.1.3 T
18、ask 3Post-site visit activities: Analyzing informa-tion and reporting.NOTE 1The procedures described in this guide are based on thehazard identification portion of a risk assessment of dwellings and otherfacilities frequented by children as described in 40CFR745 and HUDTechnical Guidelines for the E
19、valuation and Control of Lead-Based PaintHazards in Housing.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning ofchildren by providing standardized procedures for conductinga lead hazard assessment and providing information needed todevelop and recommend lead hazard con
20、trol options as de-scribed in Practice E2252.5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied orunoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented byrecommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for theconduct of a lead risk
21、 assessment of a dwelling or of otherchild-occupied facilities.5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessmentprocedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead(EBL) levels in young children.NOTE 2In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total livingenvironment of the child and a
22、 pediatric medical evaluation may also beneeded. Reference should be made to documents such as ManagingElevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6Preventing LeadPoisoning in Young Children (1991),7HUD Technical Guidelines for theEvaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing,5an
23、dScreening Young Children for Lead Poisoning.(1997)75.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings andfor other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitablefor lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings andother properties following agreement between assessor andclient on app
24、ropriate lead action levels.5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying buildingmaterials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such asthat which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities,may result in lead hazards.5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazardsidentifie
25、d at the time the assessment was performed. Thelocations, types or severities of lead hazards can change overtime as a result of property improvement or deterioration,significant changes in property use, or other factors.NOTE 3The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe theabsence of lead
26、hazards because testing methodologies are not designed tomeasure the total absence of lead. Small amounts of lead present inbuilding materials and components or soil may result in a hazard withchanges in building conditions or as a result of activities that create dustthat contains lead.5.8 This gui
27、de is applicable for assisting professionals,homeowners, owners or occupants of rental property, lenders,insurers and others with a property interest in determining thepresence of lead hazards.5.9 This guide also is applicable for assisting designers oflead hazard mitigation projects to target resou
28、rces toward leadhazard controls that are deemed most likely to result in theprevention of lead poisoning in young children.6. Requirements for a Risk Assessor6.1 The reliability of a lead hazard assessment depends onthe training, experience and knowledge of the lead riskassessor. Lead hazard assessm
29、ents shall be carried out by riskassessors qualified as required through certification or licensingby applicable regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction.7. Conducting a Lead Hazard Assessment7.1 Lead hazard assessments are conducted using a system-atic approach consisting of a seri
30、es of activities within threegeneral tasks. Although several of the activities within a taskmay be conducted simultaneously in this standard, they arediscussed in a stepwise progression.Task 1Pre-site visit activities: Preparing for the on-site visitPrepare a specifications documentGather property i
31、nformationPrepare property profileAcquire releasesAssemble assessment supplies4Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.gpo.gov.5Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD),451 7th Street, SW, Washington D
32、C 20410, http:/www.hud.gov.6Recommendations from theAdvisory Committee on Childhood Lead PoisoningPrevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), March 2002.Available from Centers for Disease Control and10.1.9.2 Method reporting limit (MRL) or reporting limit(RL) in micrograms of lead
33、per gram of soil (g/g), milligramsof lead per kilogram of soil (mg/kg), or parts per million (ppm)for soil.10.2 Identify Lead Hazards:10.2.1 For each suspected hazard listed on either the paint/dust/debris or ground data forms, record on the appropriateform the lead content or lead concentration det
34、ermined by theanalysis, including determinations less than the method report-ing limit ( MRL) or reporting limit ( RL).10.2.2 Eliminate as a potential hazard each sample having alead content or lead concentration below the method reportinglimit ( MRL) or reporting limit ( RL) except for thosesamples
35、 having such a small size that the appropriate actionlevel is less than the MRL or RL.10.3 Catalog Lead Hazards:NOTE 7The purpose of this step is to provide information for makingrecommendations as to the order in which hazard mitigations should becarried out to minimize risks of lead poisoning when
36、 available finances arelimited. The lead level and physical dimensions of the hazard and thelikelihood of individuals coming into contact with the hazard areconsidered.10.3.1 Prepare a new form to be entitled the Potential LeadHazard Risk Rating Form. List on this form all potential leadhazards iden
37、tified in 10.2 (that is, do not include thoseeliminated in 10.2.2).10.3.2 For each potential hazard listed on the Potential LeadHazard Risk Rating Form, record:10.3.2.1 The action level in regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction or as agreed upon in 8.1.3 (forexample, either the pl
38、ay area or rest-of-yard action level couldbe used in absence of a dripline area level in regulationspromulgated by authorities having jurisdiction).NOTE 8In the United States, many jurisdictions follow the standardsfor lead hazards established by the U.S. EPA. Under these standards, adust-lead hazar
39、d in a residential unit is determined by comparing thearithmetic mean of the collected dust samples to the applicable standardwith appropriate weighting of the mean if composite dust wipe samplesare collected. Soil-lead hazards in play areas and in the rest of the yard aredetermined by comparison of
40、 a composite soil sample or arithmetic meanof composite soils samples to the applicable standard for play areas or therest of the yard.10.3.2.2 The determined lead content or lead concentration.10.3.2.3 All the descriptive information from either thepaint/dust/debris or ground data form, including f
41、or paint apotential cause of deterioration. (Descriptive informationincludes, sample code(s), the testing location, and observedcondition.)10.3.2.4 The surfaces represented by the sample.NOTE 9For painted surfaces, all surfaces assumed to have the samepainting history as the surface tested are repre
42、sented by the paint sample.For dust-testing, a set of floor samples collected in a residence mayrepresent all the floors in that residence, and similarly for other surfacestested. However, the floor dust sample or samples taken in a room, portionof a room, or room equivalent may represent only the f
43、loor in that room,portion of room or room equivalent, and similarly for other surfacestested. For soil testing, the soil samples taken in the play area may be saidto represent all the play area soil, and similarly, for other parts of the yardand other areas tested.10.3.2.5 Appropriate use or use pat
44、tern notes determinedduring 9.4.10.3.2.6 Include additional spaces on the form to record anextent-of-hazard rating, a lead level hazard classification, and apotential lead-hazard risk category for each lead hazard (seeTable 2).E2115 15610.3.3 Assign Extent-of-Hazard RatingFor each potentialhazard li
45、sted on the “Potential Lead Hazard Risk RatingForm,” assign an extent-of-hazard rating and record on theform.10.3.3.1 Deteriorated PaintAssign a “major” rating tohazards having an “observed condition” (from the paint/dustdebris data form) of 2m2(20 ft2) on an exterior building face,0.2 m2(2 ft2) on
46、an interior building component, on a roomby room basis, or 10 percent of the total surface area of acomponent per unit on an exterior or interior componenthaving small surface area. Assign a “minor” rating for ob-served conditions having less deterioration than that givenabove for a “major” rating.1
47、0.3.3.2 Deteriorated Paint on Friction, Impact and Chew-able SurfacesAssign a “major” rating to all paint hazardsassociated with deteriorated paint on friction, impact andchewable surfaces.10.3.3.3 DustAssign a “major” rating to all hazards asso-ciated with dust.10.3.3.4 SoilAssign a “major” rating
48、to soil hazards hav-ing an “observed condition” from the ground data form of baresoil areas greater than approximately 0.1 m2(1 ft2). Assign a“minor” rating to soil hazards having an observed condition ofbare soil areas of less than approximately 0.1 m2(1 ft2).10.3.4 Lead Level Hazard Classification
49、For each leadhazard listed on the Potential Lead Hazard Risk Rating form,compare the determined lead content with the appropriateregulatory action level. Classify each hazard into one of thefollowing groups:10.3.4.1 Group ALead content is less than the regulatoryaction level,10.3.4.2 Group BLead content is equal to or greater thanthe action level, but not greater than 5 times the action level,and10.3.4.3 Group CLead content is equal to or greater than5 times the action level.10.3.5 Determine Potential Lead-Hazard Risk RatingAssign and record a potential le
