1、Designation: E 1732 96a (Reapproved 2005)Standard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientificterms that are generally und
3、erstood or defined adequately inother readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published b
4、y anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentifi
5、ed with an abbreviation.32. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity AssessmentE 1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by InterlaboratoryComparisons.E 1387 Test Method for Flammable or Combustible LiquidResidue
6、s in Extracts from Samples of Fire Debris By GasChromatography2.2 ISO Standards:ISO Guide 2, General Terms and Their Definitions Relatingto Standardizing ActivitiesISO Guide 30, Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO Guide 17025, General Requirements for the Compe-tence
7、of Calibration and Testing Laboratories3. Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensicsciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions wereused in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy isas follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; t
8、echnicaldictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions.5The subcommittee developed a suitable definition afterall of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant, nany material used to initiate or promote thespread of a fire. The most comm
9、on accelerants are flam-mable or combustible liquids. Whether a substance is anaccelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on itsuse (source: IAAI Forensic Science Committee, Glossary ofTerms Related to Chemical and Instrumental Analysis ofFire Debris6) (use: Test Method E 1387) CRIM.accred
10、itation, nprocedure by which an authoritative bodygives formal recognition that a body or person is competentto carry out specific tasks. (ASTM E 1187, ISO guide 2)accrediting body, ngovernmental or non-governmentalbody that conducts and administers a laboratory accredita-tion system, and grants acc
11、reditation. (E 1187, ISOGuide 2)associative evidence, nthat evidence which tends to link aperson, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified conditions, the relationship between values indi-cated by a measuring instrument
12、 or measuring system orvalues represented by a material, and the correspondingknown values of measurement. (E 1187, ISO 17025)certification body, na body that conducts certifications ofconformity. (E 1187, ISO Guide 2)certification of conformity, ndocument issued under therules of a certification sy
13、stem indicating that adequateconfidence is provided that a duly identified product, process1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 onTerminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published Jun
14、e 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E 1732 96e1.2Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM SubcommitteeE30.92.3Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned docu-ments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = patho
15、logy/biology,ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Comp
16、ilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 7th Ed., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA,1990.6Available from International Association of Arson Investigators, 5428 DelMaria Way, 201, P. O. Box 91119, Louisvile, KY 40291.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
17、9, United States.or service is in conformity with a specific standard or othernormative document. (E 1187, ISO Guide 2)certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure that establishes traceabil-i
18、ty to an accurate realization of the unit in which the propertyvalues are expressed, and for which each certified value isaccompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confi-dence. (E 1301, ISO Guide 30 without notes)chain of custody, nprocedures and documents that accountfor the possession of
19、a sample by tracking its handling andstorage from its point of collection to its final disposition.class, na group, set, or kind marked by common attributes ora common attribute (source: Websters Unabridged Dictio-nary, 1967) (use: Test Method E 1387) CRIM.class characteristic(s), nthe attribute(s)
20、that establish mem-bership in a class.classification, nthe systematic arrangement of persons orobjects into categories (groups or classes) based on sharedtraits or characteristics (source: Osterburg and Ward, Crimi-nal Investigation, 1992, p. 835) (use: Test Method E 1387).comparison sample, n(fire
21、debris) 1) a sample of materialcollected from a fire scene which is, to the best of theinvestigators knowledge, identical in every respect to asample suspected of containing ignitable substance, butwhich does not contain ignitable substance. 2) a sample ofsuspected ignitable substance submitted for
22、the purpose ofcomparing with any ignitable substance separated from adebris sample. (see control sample)control, nmaterial of established origin that is used toevaluate the performance of a test or comparison.criminalistics, na brance of forensic science concerned withthe examination and interpretat
23、ion of physical evidence, forthe purpose of aiding forensic investigation.exemplar, na specimen of physical evidence of knownorigin (source: Osterburg and Ward, Criminal Investigation,1992, p. 837).false positive, na test result that states that a drug is presentwhen, in fact, such a drug is not pre
24、sent in an amount greaterthan a threshold or designated cut-off concentration.known, nof established origin associated with the matterunder investigation.limit of detection, nthe lowest content that can be measuredwith reasonable statistical certainty. (Eurachem-AOAC-PVMC)procedure, nspecified way t
25、o perform an activity.(ISO 8402)proficiency testing, ndetermination of laboratory testingperformance by means of interlaboratory test comparisons.(E 1187, ISO Guide 2)quality assurance, nall the planned and systematic activitiesimplemented within the quality system, and demonstrated asneeded, to pro
26、vide adequate confidence that an entity willfulfill requirements for quality. (E 1187, ISO Guide 2)quality audit, nsystematic and independent examination todetermine whether quality activities and related resultscomply with planned arrangements and whether these ar-rangements are implemented effecti
27、vely and are suitable toachieve objectives. (E 1187, ISO 8402, 3.10)quality managementall activities of the overall manage-ment function that determine the quality policy objectivesand responsibilities, and implement them by means such asquality planning, quality control, quality assurance andqualit
28、y improvement within the quality system. (E 1187,ISO Guide 2)quality managementThe responsibility of all levels ofmanagement but must be led by top management. Itsimplementation involves all members of the organization. Inquality management, consideration is given to economicaspects.quality manual,
29、na document stating the quality policy,quality system and quality practices of an organization.(E 1187, ISO Guide 17025)questioned, nassociated with the matter under investigationabout which there is some question, including, but notlimited to, whether the questioned and known items have acommon ori
30、gin.reference material, na material or substance, one or more ofwhose property values are sufficiently homogeneous andwell established to be used for the calibration of an appara-tus, the assessment of a measurement method, or forassigning values to materials. (E 1301, ISO Guide 30)reproducibility,
31、nthe closeness of agreement between testresults obtained under reproducibility conditions (that is,conditions under which test results are obtained with thesame test method on identical material in different laborato-ries). (E 1301, E 456)samplea group of items, test results or portions of material,
32、taken from a large collection of items, test results or portionsof material, which serves to provide information that may beused as a basis for making a decision concerning the largercollection. (E 456)sample One or more sampling units taken from a popu-lation and intended to provide information on
33、the population.(ISO 3534-93)sampling, n(The) process of drawing or constituting asample. (E 1402, ISO 3534-93)selectivity, nQualitative the extent to which other sub-stances interfere with the determination of a substanceaccording to a given procedure. (Eurachem, IUPAC)standard, nmaterial of establi
34、shed origin with certifiedproperties.standard operating procedure (SOP), nWritten proceduresthat describe how to perform certain laboratory activities.(UNDCP)test, ntechnical operation that consists of the determinationof one or more characteristics of a given product, process orservice according to
35、 a specified procedure. (E 1187, ISOGuide 2)test method, ndefined technical procedure to determine oneor more specified characteristics of a material or product.(E 1187, ISO Guide 2.A)testing laboratory, nlaboratory that measures, examines,tests or otherwise determines the characteristics or perfor-
36、mance of materials or products. (E 1187, ISO Guide 2)traceabilitythe ability to trace the history, application, orE 1732 96a (2005)2location of an item or activity and like items or activities bymeans of recorded identification. (E 1187)traceabilityProperty of the result of a measurement orvalue of
37、a standard whereby it can be related with a stateduncertainty, to stated references, usually national or interna-tional standards (i.e. through an unbroken chain of compari-sons). (Eurachem, ISO/IEC Guide 30 1992, 3.8)party in interest, n(see the Compilation of ASTM StandardDefinitions).validation,
38、nconfirmation by examination and provision ofobjective evidence that the particular requirements for aspecific intended use are fulfilled. (ISO 8402-94)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Us
39、ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed ever
40、y five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible techni
41、cal committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1732 96a (2005)3
