1、Designation: E1648 95 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Reference Radiographs forExamination of Aluminum Fusion Welds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types andseverity levels of discontinuities in aluminum fusion welds that
3、may be revealed by radiographic examination. These referenceradiographs do not specify the acceptable level of thesediscontinuities, rather they provide a visual reference forcommunicating the acceptable level.NOTE 1The reference radiographs consist of a set of eight plates (812by 11 in. (22 by 28 c
4、m), covering base material up to and including 0.75in. (19 mm) in thickness.1.2 These reference radiographs are based on two nominalweld thicknesses in wrought aluminum products and areapplicable to the thickness ranges shown in Table 1. The weldswere produced using base material plates of 6061 and
5、5083alloys and 5356 and 4043 gas metal-arc (GMA) electrodes.These reference radiographs are intended for use in evaluatingradiographs of welds in wrought aluminum products. They arenot recommended for use with repair welds in cast materials;however, they are appropriate for use with assembly orfabri
6、cation welds. Reference radiographs for aluminum andmagnesium castings are available in Reference RadiographsE155 and E505.1.3 The adjunct contains illustrations of representativegraded and ungraded discontinuities. Table 2 lists the discon-tinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness
7、 ofbase material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has fiveseverity levels, 1 through 5, in order of increasing severity. Theungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-poses.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenthese
8、s are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
9、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium CastingsE505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Al
10、uminumand Magnesium Die CastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-mentsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for Aluminum Fusion Welds:Volume 1, Thicknesses Up to and Including 0.75 in.(19 mm)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefini
11、tions of terms relating to X-ray andgamma radiology, as used in these reference radiographs, maybe found in Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of these reference radiographs requires agreementbetween the using parties as to the acceptable level of eachdiscontinuity type. Illustrations
12、are provided for welds in0.125-in. (3.2-mm) thick material and 0.50-in. (12.7-mm) thickmaterial. These illustrations are intended to be representativeof base material thicknesses up to 0.75 in. (19 mm). Use ofthese reference radiographs is not intended to be restricted tothe specific energy level or
13、 the absolute thickness limits thatare illustrated. These reference radiographs may be used,where there is no other applicable document, for other energylevels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has beenreached between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Standardreference radiographs shoul
14、d be used in accordance withcontractual specifications.5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs5.1 The illustrations in Volume 1 are photographic repro-ductions of a master radiographic set. The radiographs were1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestruc
15、tive Testing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1648 - 95(2006).DOI: 10.1520/E1648-95R11.2For referenced ASTM sta
16、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE1648.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
17、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.made to a quality level of at least 22T in accordance withGuide E94. Additional details regarding the radiographictechnique used are provided in Test Method E1032.5.2 The radiographic exposures were controlled so as topro
18、duce a density of 2.00 to 2.25 in a selected location on theweld bead. Not all areas of the image will fall within this range.The reproductions used in Volume 1 were prepared to the sametarget density requirements and they substantially retain thecontrast and detail of the original radiographs.5.3 F
19、ilm DeteriorationThe extent to which images on theradiograph deteriorate over time is a function of storageconditions, care in handling, and amount of use. Referenceradiographs are no exception and may exhibit signs of dete-rioration over time. The radiographs should therefore beperiodically examine
20、d for signs of deterioration, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, etc. Any reference radiographs thatshow signs of loss of image quality, excessive wear and tearwhich influence the interpretation and use should be replaced.6. Description of Discontinuities6.1 Porosity, occurs as voids caused by g
21、as trapped in theweld metal deposit. The voids may occur as spherical, elon-gated, or“ worm hole” shapes and in patterns that are random,clustered, or aligned. On a radiograph the spherical voids havethe appearance of a rounded dark area while the nonsphericalvoids have an elongated dark area with a
22、 smooth outline.Aligned porosity appears as a string of pores which aregenerally aligned with the direction of a weld pass. The spacingbetween the pores may be relatively uniform or irregular.6.2 Tungsten inclusions, are tungsten particles entrapped inthe weld deposit. These inclusions are particles
23、 broken off ormelted from the electrodes and may be caused by faultyequipment or poor welding technique. On the radiograph, thetungsten inclusions are lighter than the surrounding areas andmay be rounded or irregularly shaped.6.3 Incomplete penetration, is a discontinuity that occurs atthe root of w
24、elds where full penetration has not been achieved.The discontinuity generally appears on a radiograph as astraight dark line that may be either continuous or intermittent.The indication is typically a sharply defined line or two parallellines depending upon the specific geometry of the joint and the
25、width of the discontinuity (see Note 2).NOTE 2Some welds may be designed for, or permit, incompletepenetration of the weld. Appropriate drawings and specifications must beconsulted to determine whether the indication represents an unacceptablecondition. Where the condition exceeds specification limi
26、ts, it is referredto by some specifications (for example, American Welding Society(AWS) as Inadequate Penetration.6.4 A crack, is a rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associ-ated with welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radiallyoriented and may occur in the weld metal, base metal, orthrough
27、 both. When the plane of the crack is aligned with thedirection of the radiation beam, its radiographic image willappear as a well-defined jagged or a relatively straight line. Asthe plane of the crack deviates from the direction of theradiation beam, the appearance of the crack becomes increas-ingl
28、y broad and poorly defined.6.4.1 Longitudinal cracks, are oriented in a direction that isgenerally parallel to the weld bead.6.4.2 Transverse cracks, are oriented such that they tend tocross (at least partially) the weld bead.6.4.3 Radially oriented cracks are called crater cracks,because they gener
29、ally originate in a weld bead crater.6.5 An undercut, is a longitudinal groove melted into thebase metal adjacent to the edge of the weld. An undercut maybe observed by visual examination. Another type of undercutmay occur in backing strip joints where the backing strip is leftin place. It is caused
30、 by a melting away of the base metal at theroot. This type is generally termed“ root undercut.” It appearson the radiograph as a relatively straight and narrow or broaddark line and can be located on either or both sides of the rootopening location.7. Application of Reference Radiographs7.1 The foll
31、owing procedures are recommended in specify-ing acceptance standards and in the application of suchstandards to film interpretation.7.1.1 In specifying the use of these reference radiographs,the level of acceptance for each of the illustrated conditionsmust be specified.Additional acceptance criteri
32、a may also needto be specified for which these reference radiographs may ormay not provide a useful vehicle for judging acceptance.7.1.2 The graded reference radiographs may be used inwhole or in part as applicable to the particular requirements.7.1.3 The extent of the weldment to which the selected
33、graded reference applies shall be established.7.1.4 The agreed upon acceptance criteria should specifyhow the disposition of a part is to be made when two or morecategories of discontinuity are present in the same radiographor region of the component.7.2 When the production radiograph is interpreted
34、 as show-ing equal or less severe discontinuities than the selected gradedreference, the weld shall be judged acceptable. When theproduction radiograph is interpreted as showing greater sever-ity than the selected graded reference, the weld shall be judgedunacceptable and shall be rejected or repair
35、ed, or both, inaccordance with contractual agreements.TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness RangesIllustration Thickness,in. (mm)Base Material Thickness, in. (mm)0.125 (3.2)0.50 (12.7)to and including 0.375 (9.5)over 0.375 (9.5) to and including 0.75 (19)TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each
36、Thicknessof Base MaterialDiscontinuity TypeBase Material Thickness, in. (mm) andGrading0.125 (3.2) 0.50 (12.7)Fine scattered porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5Coarse scattered porosity . Grades 1 through 5Aligned porosity Grades 1 through 5 Grades 1 through 5Clustered porosity . Ungraded
37、Incomplete penetration Ungraded UngradedTungsten inclusions . UngradedUndercut Ungraded UngradedCracks (longitudinal andtransverse)Ungraded UngradedCrater crack . UngradedE1648 95 (2011)27.2.1 When repair welding is permitted, the repair need onlybe to that extent which will bring the weld quality t
38、o within theacceptable limits.7.3 Production radiographs showing indications of a distrib-uted discontinuity, such as porosity, shall be evaluated by theoverall condition with regard to size, number, and distribution.It is not the intent that the maximum size of the discontinuityshown on the referen
39、ce radiograph shall be the limiting size fora single production radiographic discontinuity, or that thenumber of discontinuities shown on the reference radiographshall be the limiting number for production radiographs. Eachof the factors of size, number, and distribution must beconsidered in balance
40、.8. Keywords8.1 aluminum; discontinuities; radiograph density; refer-ence radiographs; welds; X-rayAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONSX1.1 In selecting the reference radiographs, the attemptwas made to obtain a progressively increasing severity ofgrades for each discontinui
41、ty type. It is not implied that thesame grade number designation represents equivalent severityfor all types of discontinuities. To arrive at acceptance stan-dards, each type of discontinuity should be considered indi-vidually, and an appropriate grade (severity) designation ap-plicable to the type
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43、of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for
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45、to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E1648 95 (2011)3
