1、Designation: E 1606 99 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Practice forElectromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of CopperRedraw Rod for Electrical Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1606; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made to provide consistent terminology, where applicable in M
3、ay 2004.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures that shall be fol-lowed in electromagnetic (eddy-current) examination of copperredraw rods for detecting discontinuities or imperfections of aseverity likely to cause failure or markedly impair surfacequality of the rod. These procedures are ap
4、plicable for con-tinuous lengths of redraw rod in diameters from14 to 138 in.6.4 to 35 mm suitable for further fabrication into electricalconductors.1.2 This practice covers redraw rod made from tough-pitchor oxygen-free coppers.1.3 The procedures described in this practice are based onmethods for m
5、aking use of stationary encircling annular testcoil systems.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI equivalents of inch-pound units may beapproximate.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
6、It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE 1316 Terminology
7、 for Nondestructive Examination2.2 ASNT Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qual
8、ification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsStandard terminology relating to electro-magnetic (eddy-current) examination may be found in Termi-nology E 1316, Section C, Electromagnetic Testing.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Examination is performed by passing the rod lengthw
9、isethrough a coil energized with alternating current at a fixedfrequency. The electrical impedance of the coil is affected byrod vibrations, rod dimensions, electrical conductivity of therod material, and metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities inthe rod surface. During passage of the rod, the c
10、hanges inimpedance caused by these variables in the rod produceelectrical signals that are processed so as to actuate an audio,visual, or electrical signaling device or mechanical marker thatproduces a record.5. Significance and Use5.1 Eddy-current examination is a nondestructive method oflocating s
11、urface discontinuities in a product. Signals can beproduced by discontinuities located on the surface of the rod.Since the density of eddy-currents decreases nearly exponen-tially as the distance from the surface increases, deep-seateddefects may be undetected.5.2 Some indications obtained by this p
12、ractice may not berelevant to product quality. For example, a signal may becaused by minute flaws or irregularities, by anomalies in thematerial, or by other factors such as operator error, or acombination thereof, that are not detrimental to the end use ofthe product. Nonrelevant indications can ma
13、sk unacceptablediscontinuities. On the other hand, relevant indications arethose that may result from nonacceptable discontinuities and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 onElectromagnetic M
14、ethod.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1606 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Stre
16、et, NW, Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.should be determined by agreement between the user and thesupplier. Any indication that is believed to be irrelevant shallbe regarded as unacceptable until
17、it is demonstrated byreexamination or other means to be nonrelevant.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this practiceshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognizednondestructive testing (NDT)
18、personnel qualification practiceor standard, such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the employer orcertifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard usedand its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractualagreement between the usin
19、g parties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E 543. The applicableedition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.7. Apparatus7.1 Electronic Apparatus, ca
20、pable of energizing the test coilwith alternating currents of suitable frequencies (for example,in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz), and capable of sensing thechanges in the electrical impedance of the coils. Electricalsignals produced in this manner are processed so as to actuatean audio, electrical,
21、 or visual signaling device or mechanicalmarker that produces a record.7.2 Test Coils, capable of inducing currents in the rod andsensing changes in the electrical characteristics of the rod. Thetest coil diameter should be selected to yield the largestpractical fill factor.7.3 Driving MechanismA me
22、chanical means shall be usedfor passing the standardization rod through the test coil withminimum vibration of the test coil or rod. The device shallmaintain the rod substantially concentric with the electricalcenter of the test coil. A constant speed (65.0 % of the actualrod speed) shall be maintai
23、ned.8. Standards8.1 Artificial Discontinuity Standard:8.1.1 The standardization rod used when adjusting thesensitivity setting of the apparatus shall be selected from atypical production run and shall be representative of thepurchasers order. Furthermore, it shall be processed subse-quently into a m
24、echanically shaved or machined condition. Therods shall be passed through the test coil with the instrumentsensitivity set high enough to determine the nominal back-ground noise inherent in the rods. Any standard used shall beselected from rods exhibiting low background noise.8.1.2 The artificial di
25、scontinuities shall be spaced to providesignal resolution adequate for interpretation. These artificialdiscontinuities shall be prepared with a hole drilled radiallyinto the rod in each of three successive transverse planes at 0,120, and 240, and one round bottom transverse notch on therod surface a
26、t 120 (Fig. 1).8.1.2.1 Drilled HolesThe holes shall be drilled radiallywith No. 72 drill into the rod using a suitable drill jig that hasa bushing to guide the drill, with care being taken to avoiddistortion or mechanical damage of the rod while drilling. Thediameter of the drilled hole shall be 0.0
27、25 in. 0.635 mm andshall not vary by more than 60.001 in. 60.025 mm. Thedepth shall be 0.075 in. 1.90 mm and shall not vary more than60.003 in. 60.076 mm.8.1.2.2 Round Bottom Transverse Notch The notch shallbe made using a suitable jig with a 0.250-in. 6.35-mmdiameter No. 4 cut, straight, round file
28、. The rod surface shall bestroked in a substantially straight line perpendicular to itslongitudinal axis. The notch depth shall be 0.010 in. 0.25 mmand shall not vary from the prescribed depth by more than60.001 in. 60.025 mm when measured at the center of thenotch.8.1.2.3 The straightness of the ro
29、d should not vary morethan 60.015 in. 60.38 mm over a 12-in. 305-mm length.8.1.2.4 Diameter variations between the standardization rodand any other replacements should not vary more than 60.015in. 60.38 mm of the diameter of the rod being replaced, thatis, between 1.1 and 6 % variation.8.1.2.5 Other
30、 Artificial Discontinuities Discontinuities ofother contours may be used in the standardization rod bymutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.NOTE 1A suggested length is 2 in. 51 mm. However, this space should be sufficient to provide signal resolution adequate for interpretation. Th
31、espeed of the standardization rod through the test coil is not critical, but a range from 5 to 150 ft/min is recommended.FIG. 1 Standards With Three Holes and One NotchE 1606 99 (2004)e128.1.2.6 Electrical discharge machinery (EDM) can be usedas an alternative to drilling holes or filing the notch,
32、but thesame dimension tolerances must be adapted.8.2 Other StandardsOther standards may be used bymutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.58.2.1 Artificial discontinuities are not intended to be repre-sentative of natural discontinuities or produce a direct relation-ship between inst
33、rument response and discontinuity severity;they are intended only for establishing sensitivity levels asoutlined in Section 9. The relationship between instrumentresponse and discontinuity size, shape, and location is impor-tant and should be established separately, particularly as relatedto test fr
34、equency.9. Adjustment and Standardization of ApparatusSensitivity9.1 The rod manufacturer shall select equipment, standards,and test parameters consistent for the product, unless otherwiseagreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.9.2 When using the artificial discontinuity standard, adj
35、ustthe apparatus to the lowest sensitivity required to detect all fourdiscontinuities. The rod speed maintained during standardiza-tion by the driving mechanism should be any value up toapproximately 500 ft/min 152 m/min, 6 5 % of the selectedspeed.6A constant rod speed shall be maintained during th
36、eadjustment process.9.3 Sensitivity control settings are usually indicated byarbitrary numbers on the control panel of the testing instru-ments. These numerical settings differ among instruments ofdifferent types. It is therefore not proper to transfer numericalsettings on one instrument to those of
37、 another instrument.Sensitivity control settings may vary even among instrumentsof the same design and from the same manufacturer. Undueemphasis on the numerical value of sensitivity control settingsis not justified and shall not be used.9.4 Discard and replace the rod used as the standard whenerron
38、eous signals are produced from mechanical, metallurgi-cal, or other damage to the standard.10. Procedure10.1 Place the standardization rod in the driving mecha-nism, and center it in the test coil at the start of the run. The rodmanufacturer may use the artificial discontinuity standard orprepare a
39、separate rod for this purpose in accordance with 8.1and 8.2. Pass the rod through the system and adjust its positionmechanically in the test coil such that the requirements of 9.2are satisfied.10.2 Standardize the system at the start of the run andwhenever improper functioning of the system is suspe
40、cted byrepeating 10.1.11. Keywords11.1 copper redraw rod; eddy-current examination; eddy-current testing; electromagnetic examination; electromagnetictesting; standards5Any copper-zinc-lead alloy (leaded brasses) may also be used as a referencestandard. These materials have significantly lower elect
41、rical conductivity valuescompared with tough-pitch or oxygen-free copper and therefore, have a conductivityvalue at room temperature that is comparable to that of copper rod at elevatedtemperature.6In actual production, throughput speed of the rod oftentimes exceeds this value.However, most eddy-cur
42、rent instruments are speed sensitive and require a filteradjustment based on rod speed. This type of equipment produces variations in signalresponse with variations in test speed. Speed-insensitive equipment provides aconstant signal response with changing test speeds.E 1606 99 (2004)e13APPENDIX(Non
43、mandatory Information)X1. SUGGESTED EQUIPMENT TO PASS STANDARDS THROUGH A TEST COILX1.1 Fig. X1.1 is typical of an instrument that could beused for passing a standard containing artificial discontinuitiesthrough a stationary test coil with a reciprocating motion. Itshould be constructed so as to min
44、imize vibrations and shouldallow the standard to pass in a straight line through the centerof the test coil.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised t
45、hat determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapp
46、roved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you
47、feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual r
48、eprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. X1.1 Typical Instrument Arrangement With Stationary TestCoilE 1606 99 (2004)e14
