1、Designation: E 1547 09Standard Terminology Relating toIndustrial and Specialty Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard covers terminology relating to industrialand specialty chemicals. It is intended to provide an under-standing of terms common
3、ly used in test methods, practices,and specifications throughout the industry.NOTE 1The boldface numbers following each definition refer to E15standards in which the definition appears. Lightface numbers refer to theE15 subcommittee having jurisdiction.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 89
4、1 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, ofLiquid Industrial ChemicalsE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE 180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty ChemicalsE 200 Practice for Preparation, St
5、andardization, and Stor-age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysisE 201 Test Method for Calculation ofVolume andWeight ofIndustrial Chemical Liquids (Discontinued 2001)3E 222 Test Methods for Hydroxyl Groups Using AceticAnhydride AcetylationE 223 Test Methods for Analysis of Sulfuric
6、 AcidE 224 Test Methods for Analysis of Hydrochloric AcidE 234 Test Method for Total Bromine Number of Unsatur-ated Aliphatic Chemicals3E 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE 324 Test Method for Relative Initial and Final MeltingPoints and the Melting Range of Organic Chemicals(Discontinu
7、ed 2001)3E 326 Test Method for Hydroxyl Groups by Phthalic Anhy-dride Esterification (Discontinued 2001)3E 335 Test Method for Hydroxyl Groups by PyromelliticDianhydride Esterification3E 347 Test Method for Ash in Polybasic Acids3E 410 Test Method for Moisture and Residue in LiquidChlorineE 1899 Tes
8、t Method for Hydroxyl Groups Using Reactionwith p-Toluenesulfonyl Isocyanate (TSI) and Potentiomet-ric Titration with Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:accuracythe agreement between an experimentally deter-mined value and the accepted reference value. In chemicalwork, this te
9、rm is frequently used to express freedom frombias, but in other fields it assumes a broader meaning as ajoint index of precision and bias. To avoid confusion, theterm bias will be used in appraising of the systematic errorof test methods for industrial chemicals. See also bias.E 180, E15.04ashthe re
10、sidual inorganic matter obtained on ignition of asample in air at a specified temperature. E 347, E15.51Baum gravitya unit of density based on specific gravityand defined by the following equation:Baum gravity 5 145 2145/sp gr at 15.5/15.5C 60/60F! (1)See also density and specific gravity. E 223, E
11、224,E 324, E15.51biasa constant or systematic error as opposed to a randomerror. It manifests itself as a persistent positive or negativedeviation of the method average from the accepted reference1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E15 onIndustrial and Specialty Chemicals a
12、nd is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE15.01 on General Standards.Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1547 - 99(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
13、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at
14、 the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.value. See also accuracy. E 180, E15.04bromine number, totalnumber of centigrams of bromineequivalent to the total unsaturation present in1gofsample.It is a mea
15、sure of the total ethylenic unsaturation present inthe designated aliphatic compound. E 234, E15.22coefficient of variationa measure of relative precisioncalculated as the standard deviation of a series of valuesdivided by their average. It is often multiplied by 100 andexpressed as a percentage. E
16、180, E15.04densitythe mass of a unit volume of a material at a specifiedtemperature. The units shall be stated, such as grams permillilitre, grams per cubic centimetre, pounds per cubic foot,or other. The form of the expression shall be the following:Density at x .where x = temperature of the materi
17、al, in , for ex-ample, C. See also Baumgravity and specific gravity. E 201, E15.23density (of gases)the mass of a unit volume of a gas at astated temperature and pressure. The units shall be stated.The form of expression shall be the following:Density at x, ywhere:x = temperature of the gas units, f
18、or example, C, andy = pressure of the gas (units, for example, kPa). E 12,E15.23density, apparentthe weight in air of a unit volume of amaterial at a specified temperature. The units shall be stated.The form of expression shall be the following:Apparent density at xwhere x = temperature of the mater
19、ial, in , for ex-ample, C. E 201, E15.23duplicatestwo independent determinations performed byone analyst in a short period of time, for example, one day.E 180, E15.04errorin a statistical sense, any deviation of an observedvalue from the true, but generally unknown, value. Whenexpressed as a fractio
20、n or percentage of the value measured,it is called a relative error.All statements of precision or biasshould indicate clearly whether they are expressed in abso-lute or relative sense. E 180, E15.04error, randomthe chance variation encountered in all ex-perimental work despite the closest possible
21、control ofvariables. It is characterized by the random occurrence ofboth positive and negative deviations from the mean valuefor the method, the algebraic average of which will approachzero in a long series of measurements. E 180, E15.04hydroxyl numberthe milligrams of potassium hydroxideequivalent
22、to the hydroxyl content of1gofsample. In thecase of a pure compound, the hydroxyl number is inverselyproportional to the hydroxyl equivalent weight:equivalent weight g/equivalent!556100/hydroxyl number (2)E 222, E 326, E 335, E 1889, E15.22increments (solid sample)portions of material selectedfrom v
23、arious parts of a lot, which may be tested individuallyor composited and tested as a unit. E 300, E15.05lot (solid sample)a discrete quantity of material. It maycontain a single batch or several batches or be the product ofcontinuous process broken into units on the basis of time orshipment. It is v
24、ery desirable that individual batches in a lotbe specifically identified so that they may become individualor stratified units for inspection. E 300, E15.05melting point, finalthe temperature at which the last crystaldisappears into the melt. E 324, E15.23melting point, initialthe temperature at whi
25、ch positiveevidence of liquefaction is observed. E 324, E15.23moisturethe volatile substances evolved during volatiliza-tion and purging of the sample-residue flask and absorbed onthe desiccant contained in the absorption tubes under theconditions of the test.4E 410, E15.5795 % limit (difference bet
26、ween two results)the maximumabsolute difference expected for approximately 95 % of allpairs of results from laboratories similar to those in theinterlaboratory study. E 180, E15.04pHdefined formally as the negative logarithm to the base 10of the conventional hydrogen ion activity. The pH of anaqueou
27、s solution is derived from E, the electromotive force(emf) of the cell:reference | | solution | glass electrode(where the double vertical line represents a liquid junction)when the electrodes are immersed in the solution, and Es,the electromotive force obtained when the electrodes areimmersed in a s
28、tandard solution (whose assigned pH isdesignated pH(S), by the following equation:pH 5 pHS!1E 2 Es!FRT ln 10!(3)where:F = faraday, 96 487 Cmol1,R = gas constant, 8.314 33 JK1mol1, andT = absolute temperature, (t C + 273.15). E70, E15.23precisionthe degree of agreement of repeated measurementsof the
29、same property. Precision statements in ASTM meth-ods for industrial chemicals will be derived from theestimated standard deviation or coefficient of variation of aseries of measurements and will be expressed in terms of therepeatability, the within-laboratory, between days variability,and the reprod
30、ucibility of the method. E 180, E15.04rangethe absolute value of the algebraic difference betweenthe highest and the lowest values in a set of data. E 180,E15.04repeatabilitythe precision of a method expressed as theagreement attainable between independent determinationsperformed at essentially the
31、same time (duplicates) by oneanalyst using the same apparatus and techniques. E 180,E15.04replicatestwo or more repetitions of a test determination.E 180, E15.04reproducibilitythe precision of a method expressed as theagreement attainable between determinations performed indifferent laboratories. E
32、180, E15.04residuethose substances that remain in the sample flask after4This term or definition is specific to the standard under the test conditions.E1547092sample volatilization under the conditions of the test.4E 410, E15.57resulta value, that is, a single determination, an average ofduplicates,
33、 or other specified grouping of replicates, ob-tained by carrying out the test method. E 180, E15.04samplea small fraction of a larger bulk having propertiessufficiently representative of this bulk.sample, all-levels (liquid sample)one obtained by submerg-ing a closed sampler to a point as near as p
34、ossible to thedraw-off level, then opening the sampler and raising it at arate such that it is about three-fourths full as it emerges fromthe liquid.An all-levels sample is not necessarily an averagesample because the tank volume may not be proportional tothe depth and because the operator may not b
35、e able to raisethe sampler at the variable rate required for proportionatefilling. The rate of filling is proportional to the square root ofthe depth of immersion. E 300, E15.05sample, average (liquid sample)one that consists of pro-portionate parts from all sections of the container. E 300,E15.05sa
36、mple, bottom (liquid sample)one obtained from thematerial on the bottom surface of the tank, container, or lineat its lowest point. (Bottom samples are usually taken tocheck for water, sludge, scale, etc.) E 300, E15.05sample, composite, compartment-tank (liquid sample)(ship, barge, etc.)a blend of
37、individual all-levels samplesfrom each compartment that contains the product beingsampled in proportion to the volume of material in eachcompartment. E 300, E15.05sample, composite, single-tank (liquid sample)a blend ofthe upper, middle, and lower samples. For a tank of uniformcross section, such as
38、 an upright cylindrical tank, the blendconsists of equal parts of the three samples. For a horizontalcylindrical tank, the blend consists of the three samples inthe proportions shown in Table 1. E 300, E15.05sample, continuous (liquid sample)one obtained from apipeline conveying the product in such
39、a manner as to givea representative average of the stream throughout the periodof transit. E 300, E15.05sample, drain (liquid sample)one obtained from the draw-off or discharge valve. Occasionally, a drain sample may bethe same as a bottom sample, as in the case of a tank car.E 300, E15.05sample, gr
40、oss (solid sample)a composite prepared by mix-ing the increments. E 300, E15.05sample, jar (liquid sample)one obtained by placing a jarinto the path of a free-flowing stream so as to collect adefinite volume from the full cross section of the stream.E 300, E15.05sample, laboratory (solid sample)that
41、 portion of the sub-sample that is sent to the laboratory for testing. E 300,E15.05sample, middle (liquid sample)one obtained from themiddle of the tank contents. E 300, E15.05sample, mixed (liquid sample)one obtained after mixing orvigorously stirring the contents of the original container, andthen
42、 pouring out or drawing off the quantity desired.E 300, E15.05sample, outlet (liquid sample)one normally obtained at thelevel of the tank outlet (either fixed or a swing line outlet).E 300, E15.05sample, sub (solid sample)a smaller sample produced in aspecified manner by the reduction in volume or q
43、uantity ofthe gross sample. E 300, E15.05sample, top (liquid sample)one normally obtained 6 in.(152 mm) below the top surface of the tank contents.E 300, E15.05sample, tube or thief (liquid sample)one obtained with asampling tube or special thief, either as a core sample or spotsample from the speci
44、fied point in the container. E 300,E15.05sample, upper (liquid sample)one obtained from themiddle of the upper third of the tank contents. E 300,E15.05sampling (solid sample)the process of extracting a smallfraction of material from a larger bulk, so that it will besufficiently representative of the
45、 bulk for the intendedpurpose. E 300, E15.05significance levelthe decimal probability that a result willexceed the critical value. E 180, E15.04simple liquida single-phase liquid having a vapor pressureof less than 16 psi Reid vapor pressure at 100F (830 mm Hgat 37.8C) and a Saybolt viscosity of les
46、s than 10 000 s(2160 cSt) at 25C. E 300, E15.05slurrya suspension of solid particles in a liquid that can beseparated by filtration or sedimentation (does not includeemulsions). E 300, E15.05solida state of matter in which the relative motion ofmolecules is restricted and in which molecules tend to
47、retaina definite fixed position relative to each other.Asolid may beTABLE 1 Sampling Horizontal Cylindrical TanksLiquid Depth, Percentof DiameterSampling Level, Percent of Diameter Above Bottom Composite Sample, Proportionate Parts ofUpper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower100 80 50 20 3 4 390 75 50 20
48、 3 4 380 70 50 20 2 5 370 . 50 20 1 5 460 . 50 20 . 5 550 . 40 20 . 4 640 . . 20 . . 1030 . . 15 . . 1020 . . 10 . . 1010 . . 5 . . 10E1547093said to have a definite shape and volume. E 300, E15.05specific gravitythe ratio of the mass of a unit volume of amaterial at a stated temperature to the mass
49、 of the samevolume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.The form of expression shall be the following:Specific gravity x/y C.where:x = temperature of the material , andy = temperature of the water .See also Baum gravity and density. E 201, E15.23specific gravity (of solids and liquids)the ratio of the massof a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to themass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at astated temperature. If the material is a solid, the volume shallbe that
