1、Designation: E1347 06 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forColor and Color-Difference Measurement by TristimulusColorimetry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1347; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurementof specimens resulting in color coordinates and co
3、lor differencevalues by using a tristimulus colorimeter, also known as atristimulus filter colorimeter or a color-difference meter.1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measure-ment of color coordinates and color differences by reflected ortransmitted light using either a hemispherical o
4、ptical measur-ing system, such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectionaloptical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, oruniplanar 45:0 and 0:45 geometry.1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimuluscolorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color coor-dinates
5、are required, the instrument be standardized by use ofa standard having similar spectral (color) and geometriccharacteristics to those of the specimen. This standard is alsoknown as a product standard. The use of a product standard ofsuitable stability is highly desirable.1.4 Because tristimulus col
6、orimeters do not provide anyinformation about the reflectance or transmittance curves of thespecimens, they cannot be used to gain any information aboutmetamerism or paramerism.1.5 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorim-eters to detect metamerism or paramerism of specimens, thistes
7、t method specifies that, when color differences are required,the two specimens must have similar spectral (color) andgeometric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may bestandardized for reflectance measurement by use of a whitereflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, withno
8、specimen or standard at the specimen position.1.6 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, planar, object-color specimens of all gloss levels.Users must determine whether an instrument complying withthis method yields results that are useful to evaluate andcharacterize retrore
9、flective specimens, or specimens havingoptical structures.1.7 This test method does not apply to the use of aspectrocolorimeter, which is a spectrometer that providescolorimetric data, but not the underlying spectral data. Mea-surement by using a spectrocolorimeter is covered in PracticeE1164 and me
10、thods on color measurement by spectrophotom-etry.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
11、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
12、ofMaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColor Measurement by
13、 Use of Multiple Measurements3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions contained in Guide E179 and Termi-nology E284 are applicable to this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides procedures for measuringobject-color specimens in either transmission or reflection
14、 witha tristimulus colorimeter (hereafter referred to as a colorimeter)by use of the following geometric conditions and standardiza-tion procedures:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 onSpect
15、rophotometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1347 06. DOI:10.1520/E1347-06R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
16、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.1 Color differences by reflected light of non
17、metameric,nonparameric pairs of opaque or translucent specimens by useof either hemispherical geometry, with an integrating sphere, orbidirectional geometry, such as annular, circumferential, oruniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry. The colorimeter may bestandardized by use of a white reflectance standard
18、.4.1.2 Color differences by transmitted light of nonmeta-meric, nonparameric pairs of transparent or translucent speci-mens by use of hemispherical geometry. The colorimeter maybe standardized by use of a white standard at the reflection portof the integrating sphere with no specimen in place. Whent
19、ranslucent specimens are measured, they should be placedflush against the transmission port of the sphere, and the whitestandard should, for maximum accuracy, have the same reflec-tance and chemical composition as that of the lining of theintegrating sphere.4.1.3 Color coordinates by reflected light
20、 of opaque ortranslucent specimens by use of either bidirectional or hemi-spherical geometry. The colorimeter may be standardized byuse of a standard having spectral (color) and geometriccharacteristics similar to those of the specimens. Such stan-dards, often called hitching-post standards, are her
21、eafter re-ferred to as local standards.34.1.4 Color coordinates by transmitted light of transparentor translucent specimens by use of hemispherical geometry.The colorimeter may be standardized by use of a localstandard.4.1.5 This test method is not appropriate for fluorescentspecimens.4.1.6 For the
22、measurement of the daytime color of retrore-flective specimens, the 45:0 or 0:45 conditions are normallyrequired. Some modern, high brightness, retroreflective sheet-ing has been shown to exhibit geometric artifacts if the coneangles are too narrow. In these cases, it may be moreappropriate to use l
23、arger cone angles, with appropriate toler-ances.4.1.7 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and acolorimeter with uniplanar bidirectional geometry is used,information on directionality may be obtained by measuringthe specimens at more than one rotation angle, typically at twoangles 90 apart. Wh
24、en such information is not required, thesemeasurements may be averaged, or a colorimeter with annularor circumferential bidirectional geometry may be used.4.2 This test method includes two different procedures forstandardizing the colorimeter. The first procedure utilizes awhite standard of known re
25、flectance factor; the second proce-dure utilizes a local standard.4.2.1 When absolute values of color coordinates are to bedetermined, the use of a white standard is recommended onlywith colorimeters in which there is good conformance of thecolorimeter readings to CIE tristimulus values, as determin
26、edby measurement of suitable verification standards (see PracticeE1164). With instruments not meeting this requirement, the useof local standards is recommended, but only when the signallevel (see Note 2) from the use of each colorimeter filter isadequately high.NOTE 1Of necessity, the above require
27、ments are in part subjective, asthe methods for verifying conformance to the requirements may not beavailable to the average user. Each user must decide whether thestandardization procedure selected results in a loss of accuracy in themeasurements that is negligibly small for the purpose for which d
28、ata areobtained.NOTE 2The adequacy of the signal level can be determined bymeasuring the short-term repeatability without replacement, and ascer-taining that the variation in the answer represents less than 30 % of thedesired or allowable variation.4.2.2 When color differences are to be measured, on
29、lyrelative measured values are required for the two members ofthe color-difference pair, and standardization by use of either awhite standard or a local standard is satisfactory. In those caseswhere a computer program is being used to predict colortolerances, accuracy of the absolute values of the p
30、roductstandard color coordinates may become more important (see4.2.1).4.3 Procedures for selecting specimens suitable for preci-sion measurement are included in this test method.4.4 Most modern colorimeters compute the color coordi-nates of the specimen during the measurement. When this is thecase,
31、the user of this test method must designate the colorsystem to be used in the computation (see Practice D2244).5. Significance and Use5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtainingthe color differences and color coordinates of object colors areby instrumental measurement using colorimeters
32、 or spectro-photometers with either hemispherical or bidirectional opticalmeasuring systems. This test method provides procedures forsuch measurement by use of a colorimeter with either abidirectional or a hemispherical optical measuring system.5.2 This test method is suitable for measurement of col
33、ordifferences of nonmetameric, nonparameric pairs of object-color specimens, or color coordinates of most such specimens.A further limitation to the use of colorimeters having hemi-spherical geometry is the existence of a chromatic integrating-sphere error that prevents accurate measurement of color
34、coordinates when the colorimeter is standardized by use of awhite standard.45.3 For the measurement of retroreflective specimens bythis test method, the use of bidirectional geometry is recom-mended (See Guide E179 and Practice E805).NOTE 3To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement ofre
35、troreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those givenin Practice E1164 in the section on Influx and Efflux Conditions for45:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45 (0:45) Reflectance Factor are requiredfor the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on therequired toleran
36、ces is being developed.5.4 A requirement for the use of a colorimeter to obtainaccurate color coordinates is that the combination of source,3Hunter, R. S., “Photoelectric Tristimulus Colorimetry with Three Filters,”Journal, Optical Society of America, Vol 32, 1942, pp. 509558.4Hoffman, K., “Chromati
37、c Integrating-Sphere Error in Tristimulus Colorim-eters,” Journal of Color and Appearance, Vol 1, No. 2, 1971, pp. 1621.E1347 06 (2011)2filter, and detector characteristics to duplicate accurately thecombined characteristics of a CIE standard illuminant andobserver. When this requirement is not met,
38、 this test methodrequires the use of local standards for improving accuracy inthe measurement of color coordinates (see also 4.2). For themeasurement of small color differences between nonmeta-meric, nonparameric specimens, accuracy in absolute colorcoordinates is less important and standardization
39、of the colo-rimeter by use of a white standard is satisfactory. However,accurate color-difference measurement requires that specimenpairs have similar spectral and geometric characteristics.6. Apparatus6.1 Colorimeter, designed for the measurement of object-color specimens. Use hemispherical geometr
40、y for reflection ortransmission measurements or bidirectional geometry for re-flection measurements.6.2 Standardization Plaques, supplied by the manufacturer.6.2.1 White Reflecting Tile or Standard (Mandatory)(Ifthe colorimeter has hemispherical geometry, a standard ofhemispherical reflectance facto
41、r is required; if bidirectionalgeometry, a standard of bidirectional reflectance factor isrequired.)6.2.2 Local Standardization Plaques (Recommended), hav-ing spectral (color) and geometric characteristics similar tothose of specimens to be measured, as required for themeasurement of color coordinat
42、es.6.2.3 Light Trap (Hemispherical) or Polished Black Glass(Bidirectional) Standards (Recommended; mandatory if soindicated by the manufacturer), for setting or verifying the zeroreading of the colorimeter.6.3 Verification Standards (Recommended), supplied by themanufacturer or obtained separately.6
43、.4 Standard Backing Material(s) (Recommended), forbacking translucent specimens during measurement.7. Test Specimens7.1 For highest precision, select specimens with the follow-ing properties:7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishesin the area to be measured, and7.1.2 Opaque specimen
44、s that have at least one plane surface;translucent and transparent specimens that have two essentiallyplane and parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness,when one is specified.8. Standardization and Verification8.1 Standardization for the Measurement Color Differencesof Specimen Pairs:8.1
45、.1 Standardize the colorimeter by use of the whitestandard (mandatory) and the zero-reading standard (if re-quired), following the manufacturers instructions.8.1.2 Verify the accuracy of the standardization and theinstrument performance by measuring a series of verificationstandards (recommended).8.
46、2 Standardization for Measurement of Color Coordinates:NOTE 4If the verification tests of 8.2.2 are not to be carried out, omit8.2.1 and 8.2.2 and proceed to 8.2.3.8.2.1 Standardize the colorimeter by use of the whitestandard (mandatory) and the zero-reading standard (if re-quired), following the ma
47、nufacturers instructions.8.2.2 Verify the accuracy of the standardization and theinstrument performance by measuring a series of verificationstandards (recommended).8.2.3 Standardize the colorimeter by use of the appropriatelocal standard for the specimens to be measured (mandatory)and the zero-read
48、ing standard (if required), following themanufacturers instructions.9. Procedure9.1 When required, select the color scales to be used in thecomputation of color coordinates or color differences.9.2 Handle the specimen carefully; avoid touching the areato be measured. When necessary, clean the specim
49、en by anagreed procedure.9.3 When hemispherical geometry is used, make the follow-ing selections:9.3.1 For the measurement of reflecting specimens, selectinclusion or exclusion of the specular component of reflectionas desired (see Guide E179 and Practice E805).9.3.1.1 If the specimen is translucent, back it with a standardbacking material during the measurement.9.3.2 For the measurement of fully transparent specimensby transmission, place the specimen in the transmission com-partment of the colorimeter.9.3.2.1 If total luminous quantities are desired, place thespecimen
