1、Designation: E 1321 97a (Reapproved 2002)e1An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEIn the last sentence of 4.1.2, the word “deviation” was replaced by “derivation”
3、 editorially in July 2006.1. Scope1.1 This fire test response standard determines materialproperties related to piloted ignition of a vertically orientedsample under a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateralflame spread on a vertical surface due to an externally appliedradiant-heat flux.1.2 Th
4、e results of this test method provide a minimumsurface flux and temperature necessary for ignition ( q9o,ig, Tig)and for lateral spread ( q9o,s, Ts,min), an effective materialthermal inertia value (krc), and a flame-heating parameter (F)pertinent to lateral flame spread.1.3 The results of this test
5、method are potentially useful topredict the time to ignition, tig, and the velocity, V, of lateralflame spread on a vertical surface under a specified externalflux without forced lateral airflow. Use the equations inAppendix X1 that govern the ignition and flame-spread pro-cesses and which have been
6、 used to correlate the data.1.4 This test method is potentially useful to obtain results ofignition and flame spread for materials. Data are reported inunits for convenient use in current fire growth models.1.5 SI units are used throughout the standard.1.6 This standard is used to measure and descri
7、be theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to
8、 address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Ref
9、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 286 Method of Test for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials
10、Using an 8-ft. (2.44 m) Tunnel Furnace3E 648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of ExposedAttic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine
11、SurfaceFinishes2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ASTMDetailed drawings (19), construction information, and partslist (Adjunct to E 1317)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 backing board, n
12、a noncombustible insulating board,mounted behind the specimen during actual testing to satisfythe theoretical analysis assumption of no heat loss through thespecimen. It shall be roughly 25 6 5 mm thick with a densityno greater than 200 6 50 kg/m3.3.2.2 dummy specimen, na noncombustible insulatingbo
13、ard used for stabilizing the operating condition of theequipment, mounted in the apparatus in the position of thespecimen and removed only when a test specimen is to be1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
14、E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published August 1997. Originallypublished as E 1321 90. Last previous edition E 1321 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS
15、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order ADJE1317.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.inserted. It shall be roughly 2
16、0 6 5 mm in thickness with adensity of 750 6 100 kg/m3.3.2.2.1 DiscussionFor the ignition tests, the dummyspecimen board shall have a hole at the 50-mm position formounting the fluxmeter.3.2.3 effective thermal property, nthermal properties de-rived from heat-conduction theory applied to ignition/ f
17、lame-spread data treating the material as homogenous in structure.3.2.4 mirror assembly, na mirror, marked and alignedwith the viewing rakes, used as an aid for quickly identifyingand tracking the flame-front progress.3.2.5 special calibration board, na specially assemblednoncombustible insulating b
18、oard used for standardizing theoperating condition of the equipment which is used only tomeasure the flux distribution at specified intervals along thespecimen surface. It shall be roughly 206 5 mm in thicknesswith a density of 750 6 100 kg/m3.3.2.6 thermally thick, nthe thickness of a medium that i
19、slarge enough to have the predominate thermal (temperature)effects experienced within that distance, that is, negligible heatis lost from its unexposed side.3.2.7 thermal operating level, nthe operating condition atwhich the radiance of the heat source produces a specifiedconstant heat flux to some
20、specified position at the specimensurface.3.2.8 viewing rakes, na set of bars with wires spaced at50-mm intervals for the purpose of increasing the precision oftiming flame-front progress along the specimen.3.3 Symbols:Symbols:b = ignition correlation parameter, s1/2.C = flame heat transfer factor,
21、ms/2/kWs1/2.CF = ratio of radiation pyrometer signal to flux inci-dent on dummy specimen as measured duringcalibration; a linear correlation is assumed, mV/(kW/m2).F(t) = specimen thermal response function.F(x) = surface flux configuration invariant, (kW/m2)/mV.h = heat loss coefficient, kW/m2K.q9e=
22、 measured incident flux, kW/m2.q9o,ig = critical flux for ignition, kW/m2.q9o,s = critical flux for spread, kW/m2.t = time, s.t* = characteristic equilibrium time, s.t1= time at sample insertion, s.t2= time at ignition, s.tig= ignition time under incident flux, s.Tig= ignition temperature, C.Ts, min
23、= minimum temperature for spread, C.T= ambient and initial temperature, C.V = flame (pyrolysis front) velocity, m/s.x = longitudinal position along centerline of speci-men, m.F = flame heating parameter, (kW)2/m3.krc = thermal heating property, (kW/m2K)2s.e = surface emissivity.s = Stefan-Boltzmann
24、constant, kW/m2K4.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of two procedures; one tomeasure ignition and one to measure lateral-flame spread.Vertically mounted specimens are exposed to the heat from avertical air-gas fueled radiant-heat energy source inclined at15 to the specimen (see
25、Fig. 1).4.1.1 For the ignition test, a series of 155, + 0, 5 mm by155, + 0, 5 mm specimens (see Fig. 1) are exposed to anearly uniform heat flux (see Fig. 2) and the time to flameattachment, using piloted ignition (see Fig. 3), is determined.4.1.2 For the flame spread test, a 155, + 0, 5 mm by800, +
26、 0, 5 mm specimen (see Fig. 1) is exposed to agraduated heat flux (see Fig. 2) that is approximately 5 kW/m2higher at the hot end than the minimum heat flux necessary forignition; this flux being determined from the ignition test (see11.2). The specimen is preheated to thermal equilibrium; theprehea
27、t time being derived from the ignition test (see 12.1).After using piloted ignition, the pyrolyzing flame-front pro-gression along the horizontal length of the specimen as afunction of time is tracked. The data are correlated with atheory of ignition and flame spread for the derivation ofmaterial fl
28、ammability properties.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method addresses the fundamental aspects ofpiloted ignition and flame spread. The procedure is suitable forthe derivation of relevant material flammability parameters thatinclude minimum exposure levels for ignition, thermal-inertiavalues, a
29、nd flame-spread properties.5.2 This test method is used to measure some material-flammability properties that are scientifically constant andcompatible and to derive specific properties that allow theprediction and explanation of the flame-spread characteristicsof materials. They are considered effe
30、ctive properties that aredependent on the correlations used and when combined withtheory can be used over a wide range of fire conditions forpredicting material ignition and flame-spread behavior.5.3 Do not use this test method for products that do not haveplanar, or nearly planar, external surfaces
31、 and those productsand assemblies in which physical performance such as jointseparation and fastening methods has a significant influence onflame propagation in actual fire conditions.FIG. 1 Schematic of Apparatus With Ignition SpecimenE 1321 97a (2002)e125.4 In this procedure, the specimens are sub
32、jected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test methodto predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristicsmeasured. Therefore, the results are va
33、lid only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure (see also 1.6).6. Apparatus6.1 Test-Equipment FabricationFig. 4 shows a photo-graph of the equipment as assembled ready for test. Figs. 5 and6 show schematics of the apparatus.4These provide engineer-ing information necessary
34、for the fabrication of the mainframe, specimen holders, stack, and other necessary parts ofthe equipment. Some commercially available units have addedsafety features that are not described in the drawings.NOTE 1The specimen fume stack available in some commercialmodels is not required for this test
35、procedure.6.2 A brief parts list for the test-equipment assembly in-cludes:6.2.1 Main Frame (see Fig. 5), consisting of two separatesections, the radiant-panel support frame and the specimensupport frame. The two frame sections shall be joined in amanner that allows adjustments in the relative posit
36、ion of theradiant panel to the specimen to be made easily.6.2.2 Specimen Holders, to provide for support of thespecimen during test; at least two of these are required, andthree prevent delays resulting from required cooling of holdersprior to mounting specimens.6.2.3 Radiant Panel, consisting of a
37、radiation surface ofporous refractory tiles mounted at the front of a stainless steelFIG. 2 Normalized Flux Over SpecimenNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Pilot Configuration for Ignition TestFIG. 4 General View of ApparatusE 1321 97a (2002)e13plenum chamber to provide a flat radiating
38、surface of approxi-mately 280 by 483 mm. The plenum chamber shall includebaffle plates and diffusers to distribute the gas/air mixtureevenly over the radiation surface. The gas/air mixture entersthe plenum chamber at one of the short sides to facilitate easyconnection when the panel is mounted from
39、the frame. Areverberatory screen (see Fig. 6) is provided immediately infront of the radiating surface to enhance the combustionefficiency and increase the radiant output.6.2.4 Air and Fuel Supply, to support combustion of theradiant panel. The appropriate air and fuel flow-meteringdevices, gas cont
40、rol valves, pressure reducer, and safetycontrols are all mounted on the panel support frame (see Fig.5). Requirements are as follows:6.2.4.1 Aregulated air supply of about 8.33 by 103m3/s ata pressure sufficient to overcome the friction loss through theline, metering device, and radiant panel; the r
41、adiant-panelpressure drop amounts to approximately 20 to 30 Pa. Aflowmeter suitable for indicating air flow over the range of 2 to15 by 103m3/s shall be provided. A flowmeter suitable forindicating methane flow rates over the range of 0.1 to 1.1 by103m3/s shall be provided.6.2.4.2 The fuel gas used
42、shall be either natural gas ormethane. A pressure regulator shall be provided to maintain aconstant supply pressure. Gas is controlled by either a manu-ally adjusted needle valve or a venturi mixer.The venturi mixerwill allow one to control the flux level of the panel by adjustingonly the air valve.
43、 The fuel gas-flow requirements are roughly0.26 to 1.03 by 103m3/s at a pressure sufficient to overcomeline pressure losses.NOTE 2If a venturi mixer is used, the regulated air and fuel gas supplyshall be sufficient for efficient operation of the venturi mixer.6.2.5 The Specimen Holder Support Frame
44、Guides, PilotFlame Holder, Fume Stack (optional), Flame Front ViewingRakes, Radiation Pyrometer, and Mirror are all assembled onthe specimen support frame. The arrangement of parts on thisframe is shown in Figs. 4-6.6.2.6 Dummy Specimen, of noncombustible insulating boardof the thickness and density
45、 specified in the test procedure,shall be mounted on the apparatus in the position of thespecimen except during actual testing or calibration.6.3 Instrumentation:6.3.1 Total Radiation Pyrometer, compensated for its tem-perature variation and having a nominal sensitivity between thethermal wavelength
46、s of 1 and 9 m that shall view a centrallylocated area on the radiant panel of about 150 by 300 mm. Theinstrument shall be securely mounted on the specimen supportframe in such a manner that it can view the radiant panelsurface oriented for specimens in the vertical position.6.3.2 Heat FluxmetersHav
47、e available at least threefluxmeters for this test method. One of these shall be retainedas a laboratory reference standard. The fluxmeters shall be ofthe thermopile type with a nominal range of 0 to 50 kW/m2andhave a sensitivity of approximately 10 mV at 50 kW/m2. Theyshall have been calibrated to
48、an accuracy of 5 % over thisrange. The time constant of these instruments shall not be morethan 290 ms (corresponding to a time to reach 95 % of finaloutput of not more than 1 s). The target sensing the applied fluxshall occupy an area not more than 4 by 4 mm and be locatedflush with and at the cent
49、er of the water-cooled 25-mm circularexposed metallic end of the fluxmeter. If fluxmeters of smallerdiameters are to be used, these shall be inserted into a coppersleeve of 25-mm outside diameter in such a way that goodthermal contact is maintained between the sleeve and water-cooled fluxmeter body. The end of the sleeve and exposedsurface of the fluxmeter shall lie in the same plane. Radiationshall not pass through any window before reaching the target.6.3.3 Timing Devices, such as a chronograph, a digitalclock, a stopwatch, a tape rec
