1、Designation: E1320 10 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Reference Radiographs forTitanium Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1320; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to
3、thisstandard are reproductions of original radiographs and aresupplied as a means for establishing some of the categories andseverity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that maybe revealed by radiographic examination. Use of this standardfor the specification or grading of castings requi
4、res procure-ment of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate thediscontinuity types and severity levels. They should be used inaccordance with contractual specifications.NOTE 1The original radiographs produced for Volume I were takenwith X-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV. The origina
5、l radiographsproduced for Volume II were taken with X-rays in the range of 200 K to340 KV.1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended toillustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found intitanium castings when performing digital radiography. Ifperforming digital radiography of tit
6、anium castings, refer toDigital Reference Image Standard E2669.1.3 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes.Volume I, described in Table 1, is applicable to a wall thicknessof up to 1 in. (0 to 25.4 mm). Volume II, described in Table 2,is applicable to a wall thickness of over 1 in. to 2 i
7、n. (25.4 mmto 50.8 mm). The standard may be used, where there is no otherapplicable standard, for other thicknesses for which agreementhas been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.NOTE 2The reference radiographs are not impacted by this revision.There have been no revisions to the adjunct ref
8、erence radiographs sinceoriginal issue. The adjunct reference radiographs of any issue remain validand may be used to this standard.1.4 The plates produced to serve for use in this standardwere purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinuity. Theplates were cast using different processes as show
9、n in Table 1and Table 2. Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of theplates.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not considered standar
10、d.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
11、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2669 Digital Reference Images for Titanium Castings2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for the Inspection of TitaniumCastingsVolume I, applicable up to 1 in. (25.4 mm)3,4Volume I
12、I, applicable over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8mm)4,53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard, see Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs are designed so that accep-tance standards, which may be developed for particularrequiremen
13、ts, can be specified in terms of these radiographs.The radiographs are of castings that were produced under1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 onReference Radiological Images.Current edition
14、 approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1320 - 10. DOI:10.1520/E1320-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE132001.4Volumes I and II are available from ASTM International Headquarters as a set.Order Reference Radiographs RRE1320CS.5A
16、vailable from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radio-graph No. RRE132002.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1conditions designed to produce the discontinuities. The refer-ence radiographs are intended to be
17、 used for casting thicknessranges in accordance with Table 1 and Table 2.5. Description of Discontinuities5.1 This section is provided to aid in the identification andclassification of discontinuities. It briefly describes the radio-graphic appearance of those discontinuities in the referenceradiogr
18、aph adjuncts and indicates their probable cause intitanium. The radiographic appearance of different discontinui-ties can at times be very similar. Therefore, care should alwaysbe taken during the process of identification. In extreme casesother methods of identification, either nondestructive ordes
19、tructive, may need to be employed to obtain positiveidentification.5.1.1 GasGas in its various forms is usually caused by thereaction of molten titanium with the mold or residual materialleft in the mold. Gas tends to migrate to the upper portions ofthe casting. The formation of clustered or scatter
20、ed gas holesresults from the generation of larger amounts of gas than asingle gas hole. Whether the larger amount of gas spreads outor is confined to a small area is dependent upon a number offactors including casting process, reaction area, solidificationrate, wall thickness, and geometry.5.1.1.1 G
21、as holeA spherical void formed through therelease and subsequent entrapment of gas during solidification.A gas hole will appear as a dark round spot on the radiograph.5.1.1.2 Clustered gas holesA closely nested group of darkround voids concentrated within a self-defined boundary area.5.1.1.3 Scatter
22、ed gas holesMultiple voids appearing asdark round spots on the radiograph. They are randomly spreadthroughout a part or area of a part to a lesser concentration thanclustered gas holes but with the potential to degrade the castingthrough their interaction which precludes their evaluation on anindivi
23、dual basis.5.1.2 ShrinkageWhile at times the appearance of shrink-age in titanium may be radiographically similar to shrinkage insteel, the faster solidification rate of titanium has a dramaticeffect on the conditions under which each shrinkage type willoccur in titanium. Other factors which influen
24、ce the formationof shrinkage are wall thickness and thickness transitiongradients, gate size and orientation, mold design, castingconfiguration, metal/mold temperature, and pouring rate andmethod. All the types of shrinkage described in 5.1.2.1 through5.1.2.3 have a degree of overlap. However, each
25、is most likelyto occur under a specific set of conditions primarily influencedby metal feed, section thickness and cooling rate.5.1.2.1 Scattered shrinkageAppears on a radiograph asdark fine lacy or filamentary voids of varying densities. Thesevoids are usually uniformly spread throughout the area o
26、f thecasting where shrinkage is occurring and are relatively shallow.Scattered shrinkage cavities are most common in wall thick-nesses ranging from18 in. to34 in. (3.175 mm to 19.05 mm)TABLE 1 VOLUME I0 to 1 in.Discontinuity Casting Process AlloyPlateThickness, in.Applicable CastingThickness, in.Gas
27、 hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Scattered ga
28、s holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V12 over14 to58Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V14 up
29、to38Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V14 up to38Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V12 over38 to58Centerline shrinkage Centr
30、ifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V34 over58 to 1Less dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1More dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.TABLE 2 VOLUME IIOver 1 in. to 2 in.Discontinuity Casting Process AlloyPlateThickness, in.Applicable CastingThickness, in.Gas hole Cent
31、rifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 2Clustered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 to 134 over 1 to 2Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram
32、graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.E1320 10 (2014)2being more
33、prevalent in the thinner sections of the range.Scattered shrinkage cavities are caused by varying coolingrates in the same area of a casting that can result fromdifferences in wall thickness or other factors.5.1.2.2 Centerline shrinkageCharacterized by a more dis-crete dark indication than scattered
34、 shrinkage. The indicationhas definite borders consisting of a lacy network of varyingdensity or a network of interconnected elongated voids. Cen-terline shrinkage is located primarily in the center of thematerial cross section with a tendency to orient toward gates orrisers. It is more common in th
35、ickness over14 in. (6.35 mm).5.1.2.3 Shrinkage cavityAppears as a dark void withsmooth sides taking an appearance very similar to a gas hole.A shrinkage cavity, particularly in thicker wall sections, isusually larger than a single gas hole would be. The cavity isformed during the cooling process due
36、 to a lack of feedingmetal. The cavity compensates for the rapid solidificationtaking place at the surface of the casting, thereby forming thecavity in the center area of the wall. Shrinkage cavity has adefinite tendency to occur near hot spots where walls are12 in.(12.7 mm) thick or more.5.1.3 Less
37、 dense inclusionsAppear as dark indications in avariety of shapes and sizes on a radiograph. Inclusions may befound in groups or appear singularly. Less dense inclusions canbe caused by contaminants in the molten titanium, residualmaterials left on the surface of the mold, or broken pieces ofthe mol
38、d becoming entrapped during solidification.5.1.4 More dense inclusionsAppear as light indications ina variety of shapes and sizes on a radiograph. More denseinclusions can be caused by contaminants introduced in thesame manner as less dense inclusions, or tungsten introducedduring weld repairs.6. Me
39、thod of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunctreference radiographs were produced on high contrast, finegrained film. The radiographs were made with a penetrametersensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see GuideE94) of 2-2T. The reproductions of the original ra
40、diographshave been made with a desired density within the range of 2.0to 2.25. They have retained substantially the contrast of theoriginal radiographs.6.2 In selecting the individual reference radiographs, theaim was to obtain a graduated series for each type ofdiscontinuity. It is not intended tha
41、t like numbered levels orclasses on the different reference radiograph pages be consid-ered to cause equal degradation in the ultimate performance, orserviceability, or both, of any particular casting.6.2.1 The criteria used to select the individual radiographsrepresenting each severity level were b
42、ased on the size, shape,spacing, alignment, and radiographic density of the disconti-nuities present.6.3 In some cases, plates other than the thickness indicatedon the reference radiographs were utilized to complete indi-vidual severity levels.6.4 For the discontinuity classifications of gas hole, l
43、essdense inclusions, and more dense inclusions, only one series ofeight gradations is displayed for each. These gradations areintended to be used over the entire thickness range applicableto the volume. Therefore, careful consideration should be takenwhen specifying allowable severity levels for the
44、 thicker wallsizes.6.5 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storageconditions, care in handling and amount of use. Referenceradiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss
45、 inimage quality over time. The radiographs should therefore beperiodically examined for signs of wear and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiogra
46、phsshould be replaced.7. Basis for Application7.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptancestandards tailored to the end use of the product. Application ofthese reference radiographs as acceptance standards should bebased on the intended use of the product and the followingconsideration
47、s:7.1.1 An area of like size to that of the reference radiographshall be the unit area by which the production radiograph isevaluated, and any such area shall meet the requirements asdefined for acceptability.7.1.2 Any combination or portion of these reference radio-graphs may be used as is relevant
48、 to the particular application.Different grades or acceptance limits may be specified for eachdiscontinuity type. Further, different grades may be specifiedfor various regions or zones of the component.7.1.3 Special consideration may be required where morethan one discontinuity type is present in th
49、e same area. Anymodification of the acceptance criteria required on the basis ofmultiple discontinuity types must be specified.7.1.4 Production radiographs containing shrinkage, gas, orinclusions may be rated by the overall condition with regard tosize, number, and distribution. These factors should be consid-ered in balance.7.1.5 As a minimum, the acceptance criteria should containinformation addressing: zoning of the part (if applicable),acceptance severity level for each discontinuity type, and thespecific area t
