1、Designation: E1282 11 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forSpecifying the Chemical Compositions and SelectingSampling Practices and Quantitative Analysis Methods forMetals, Ores, and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1282; the number immediately following the desig
2、nation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures fo
3、r specifying composi-tional requirements and identifying appropriate sampling andquantitative analysis test methods to be referenced in productspecification standards for metals, ores, and related materials.It is not intended to replace or conflict with either individualproduct specifications or sta
4、ndards covering broad classifica-tions of products such as Test Methods A751.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
5、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsE34 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum andA
6、luminum-Base AlloysE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE255 Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys forthe Determination of Chemical CompositionE342 Test Method for Determination of Chromium Oxide inChrome Ores by Permanganate TitrimetryE350
7、 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toEvaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this
8、 guide see Termi-nology E135.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to assist those writing or revisingcompositional specifications, sampling practices, and testmethods for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ores, and relatedmaterials. It is directed toward those areas that must beaddressed
9、to properly coordinate compositional specification,sampling practice, and test methods. Its use will help ensurethat compositional requirements are clearly defined and thatsampling practices and test methods are available to meetproduct specifications.4.2 This guide does not attempt to define which
10、elementsshould be controlled, where samples should be taken, or howthey should be analyzed. These items are addressed in stan-dards such as Specification A276, Methods, Practices andTerminology A751, Test Method E34, Practice E255, TestMethod E342, and Test Methods E350.4.3 A primary purpose for AST
11、M sampling practices andtest methods is to provide widely-accepted and tested method-ology for use in meeting ASTM product specifications. Al-though it is recognized that individual laboratories are free touse other methods, the availability of ASTM approved meth-odology is essential for referee pur
12、poses and to demonstratethat properly equipped laboratories can make the requiredmeasurements.4.4 Sampling practices and test methods to be recom-mended for use in testing a given product are most easilyselected cooperatively by the specification-writing and themethods-writing committees that have j
13、urisdiction over theproduct. When existing sampling or test methods do not meetthe needs of the new product specification standard, thespecification-writing committee should request that themethods-writing committee develop the required standards.ASTM Committee E01 is responsible for test methods an
14、d1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last pre
15、vious edition approved in 2011 as E128211. DOI:10.1520/E1282-11R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
16、bsite.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1practices covering the sampling and analysis of most metals,ores, and related materials.5. Procedure5.1 List those elements which either positively or negativelyinfluence the produ
17、cts processing, properties, or performance.Do not list elements for which no justification exists forexercising compositional control or for which no test methodsexist. Nonessential compositional specifications increase test-ing costs with no benefit to producer or consumer.5.2 Establish the composi
18、tional requirements for each ele-ment identified in 5.1 as a composition range, a maximum or aminimum. Where possible, it is desirable to express composi-tion in mass fraction percent. Always list the element in thestoichiometric form in which the composition is to be reported.For example, depending
19、 on the material, calcium might bespecified and reported as Ca, CaCO3, or CaO. Occasionally, itmay be necessary to specify that the sum of a limited numberof specific element compositions must not exceed some maxi-mum value or must remain above some minimum value.Ensure that measurement uncertaintie
20、s, particularly at thelower quantitation limits, do not contribute significantly tocalculated sums.5.2.1 Nonspecific phrases such as balance or remaindermay be listed for informational purposes only, but must havean accompanying footnote stating that quantitative measure-ment is not required. An exa
21、mple of an acceptable footnote is:“For information only. Quantitative determination of thiselement is not required.” Avoid assigning quantitative compo-sitional specifications to nonspecific items such as “all otherelements” or “all residuals.” It is not possible to use element-specific test methods
22、 to meet a non-element-specific composi-tional specification (Note 1).NOTE 1The purity of high purity metals is often best ascertained bythe determination of residual elements. In these cases, each element to bedetermined must be listed with either a maximum composition for eachelement or a minimum
23、composition for the sum of the listed determina-tions. See Table 1.5.2.2 When specifying the composition of components in acomposite, define the components consistent with both com-mercial requirements and testing capabilities. For example, if aspecification requires that both the coating and base m
24、etal beanalyzed separately, ensure that it is possible to quantitativelyseparate the coating from the base metal prior to analysis.5.2.3 If compositional requirements differ among variousapplications for a given alloy, it may be necessary to specifycomposition by application within a grade, or to cr
25、eate aseparate grade for those applications.5.2.4 Refer to Table 1 as an example of a possible format forpresenting compositional specifications.5.3 Identify standard sampling practices that can be used ateach processing step or for each product form for whichcompositional requirements are identifie
26、d as described below.5.3.1 Ensure that each selected sampling practice can beconducted without unacceptably interrupting production, inter-fering with product quality, or risking the health or safety ofemployees.5.3.2 Ensure that the selected sampling hardware and prac-tices are reliable. For exampl
27、e, in heat analysis sampling,ensure that the ratio of successful (solid, non-porous, com-pletely filled mold) to unsuccessful samplings is acceptable.Also, provision should be made for resampling when needed.5.3.3 Ensure that the composition of each element to bedetermined in the sample is represent
28、ative of the bulk material.For example, many commercially available molten-metal sam-pling devices used in the steel industry contain deoxidizingelements, such as aluminum, which alloy with the test sample.Samples taken using such devices cannot be used to determinethese elements in the bath. In add
29、ition, the unusually highcomposition of the deoxidizing element may interfere with thedetermination of other elements in the sample. If any of theseelements are to be included in the product specification, morethan one sampling device will be required.5.3.4 Ensure that adequate samples are taken to
30、permit thedetermination of all elements to be included in the specifica-tion. Some determinations, such as hydrogen, may requirespecial sampling and storage practices.5.3.5 Ensure that each selected sampling practice providessamples of sufficient size and shape for both production andreferee analyse
31、s. Samples should be in a form amenable torapid transport to the laboratory, and should require a minimumof time and effort to prepare for chemical analysis. Followingproduction analysis, sufficient representative material mustremain for any recheck analyses by the same or other testmethods, as requ
32、ired.5.4 Identify all test methods that can be used to determineall elements for which compositions are to be specified asdescribed in 5.4.1 5.4.4.5.4.1 Using the lists of elements and associated composi-tions generated in 5.2, identify the test methods that cover thelisted composition ranges for th
33、e analyses. Most in-process(control) analyses are performed by spectrometric test methodsusing solid samples. Sometimes final product, recheck, orreferee analyses are performed by a combination of classicalchemical and instrumental test methods that may require adissolved sample be obtained from dri
34、lled or machined chips.5.4.2 Eliminate from further consideration any methodolo-gies that are subject to uncorrectable chemical or spectralinterferences due to elements expected to exist in the sample,including those for which compositions are not specified. Suchinterferences are identified in each
35、ASTM test method. TheScope and Interferences sections of each method must beTABLE 1 Example of Typical Alloy Compositional RequirementsElementCompositionAGrade A Grade BCarbon: 0.200.30 0.450.75Manganese: 1.0, max 1.3, maxChromium 20.028.5 32.538.0Iron 25, min balanceBCopper + Vanadium 0.02, max 0.5
36、0, minOxygen 25 g/g, max 50 g/g, maxAluminumC0.020.10 0.200.30AAll compositions are given in mass fraction percent, unless otherwise stated.BFor information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.CThe aluminum composition requirement applies only to material made forhigh-te
37、mperature applications and its quantitative determination is not required onmaterial designated for other uses.E1282 11 (2016)2carefully interpreted by a skilled analyst before that method isapplied to the analysis of a material that was not considered bythe authors of the method.5.4.3 Ensure that t
38、he identified test methods are capable ofattaining sufficient precision to comply with the intendedcompositional requirements. Refer to the performance data inthe ASTM test methods to ensure that the repeatability (r) andreproducibility (R) obtained during interlaboratory testing foreach method are
39、sufficient to meet the intended requirements.Definitions of r and R can be found in Terminology E135, andPractice E1601. State compositional requirements using thenumber of significant digits that are consistent with the Rperformance data associated with the selected test method andthe needs of the
40、product specification. Compositional specifi-cations will indicate various numbers of significant digits.5.4.4 Ensure that the sample preparation requirements thatare part of the test method are compatible with the selectedsampling practice and that the sampling, sample preparation,and analysis work
41、 can be completed within the time available.5.5 In addition to listings and explanations of compositionalspecifications, include in each product specification standardsufficient instructions and references to the appropriate ASTMsampling practices and test methods to allow a producer or userof the m
42、aterial to completely test for compliance with allcompositional requirements. References to sampling practicesand test methods can be either listed directly in the productspecification standard, or referenced through a generic standardsuch as Methods, Practices and Terminology A751. When thelatter o
43、ption is selected, ensure that the generic standardprovides all of the required information in an unambiguousfashion.6. Keywords6.1 quantitative analysis; sampling; specificationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item men
44、tionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee
45、 and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetin
46、g of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
47、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 (2016)3
