1、Designation: E 1233 06Standard Test Method forStructural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors,Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air PressureDifferential1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1233; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the determination of thestructural perfor
3、mance of exterior windows, doors, skylights,and curtain walls under cyclic air pressure differential, using atest chamber. This test method is applicable to all curtain wallassemblies, including, but not limited to, metal, glass, masonry,and stone components.1.2 This test method is intended only for
4、 evaluating thestructural performance associated with the specified test speci-men, and not the structural performance of adjacent construc-tion.1.3 Procedure A shall be used for life cycle test loads.1.4 Procedure B shall be used for wind event test loads.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be
5、 regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and d
6、etermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.1.7 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory materials. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconside
7、red as requirements of the standard.2. Referenced Documents2,32.1 ASTM Standards:E 330 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorWindows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by UniformStatic Air Pressure DifferenceE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 997 Test Method for Structural Per
8、formance of Glass inExterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under theInfluence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructive MethodsE 998 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inWindows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence ofUniform Static Loads by Nondestructive MethodE 1300 Practice
9、 for Determining Load Resistance of Glassin BuildingsE 1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective SystemsImpacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic PressureDifferentialsE 1996 Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, Doo
10、rs and Impact Protective Systems Im-pacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes2.2 ASCE Standard:4ASCE 7 (formerly ANSI A58.1) Minimum Design Loadsfor Buildings and Other Structures3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology E 631, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definit
11、ions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 design wind load, nthe uniform static air pressuredifferences, inward and outward, for which the specimenwould be designed under service load conditions using con-ventional wind engineering specifications and concepts, ex-pressed in pascals (or pounds-fo
12、rce per square foot). Thispressure is determined by either analytical or wind-tunnelprocedures (such as are specified in ASCE 7).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Component Performanc
13、e of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1233 00.2Additional information on curtain wall assemblies can be obtained from theAmerican Architectural Manufacturers Associa
14、tion, 1827 Walden Office Square,Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
15、te.4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 one cycle, nbeginning at a specified air pressuredifferential, the applicat
16、ion of positive (negative) pressure toachieve another specified air pressure differential and returningto the initial specified air pressure differential.3.2.3 permanent deformation, ndisplacement or change indimension of the specimen after the applied load has beenremoved and the specimen has relax
17、ed for the specified periodof time.3.2.4 positive (negative) cyclic test load, nthe specifieddifferential in static air pressure, creating an inward (outward)loading, for which the specimen is to be tested under repeatedconditions, expressed in pascals (or pounds-force per squarefoot).3.2.5 positive
18、 (negative) maximum test load, nthe speci-fied differential in static air pressure, creating an inward(outward) load, for which the specimen is to be tested forrequired minimum ultimate strength, expressed in pascals (orpounds-force per square foot).3.2.6 stick system, na curtain wall assembly compo
19、sed ofindividually framed continuous members, vertical mullions,and horizontal rails that are installed in a sequential, piece-by-piece process. The completed system is assembled entirely inthe field.3.2.7 structural distress, na change in condition of thespecimen indicative of deterioration under r
20、epeated load orincipient failure, such as cracking, fastener loosening, localyielding, or loss of adhesive bond.3.2.8 test specimen, nthe entire assembled unit submittedfor test (as described in Section 8).3.2.9 unit/panel system, na curtain wall assembly com-posed of pre-assembled groups of individ
21、ual framing members.The completed system is designed to be modular, transport-able, and installed as a finished assembly.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimeninto or against one face of a test chamber, supplying air to orexhausting air from the chamber i
22、n accordance with a specifictest loading program at the rate required to maintain the testpressure differential across the specimen, and observing, mea-suring, and recording the deflection, deformations, and natureof any structural distress or failures of the specimen.4.2 The test loading program ca
23、lls for the application of aspecified spectrum of pressure cycles followed by the applica-tion of positive and then negative maximum test loads. Thespecifier must provide the information required in Section 10.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determiningstructu
24、ral performance under cyclic air pressure differential.This typically is intended to represent the long-term effects ofrepeated applications of wind load on exterior building surfaceelements or those loads that may be experienced during ahurricane or other extreme wind event. This test method isinte
25、nded to be used for installations of window, curtain wall,and door assemblies for which the effects of cyclic or repeatedloads may be significant factors in the in-service structuralperformance of the system and for which such effects cannot bedetermined by testing under a single application of unif
26、ormstatic air pressure. This standard is not intended to account forthe effect of windborne debris. This test method is consideredappropriate for testing unique constructions or for testingsystems that have insufficient in-service records to establishtheir performance under cyclic loading.5.1.1 The
27、actual loading on building surfaces is quitecomplex, varying with wind direction, time, height aboveground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, andother factors. The resistance of many window, curtain wall, anddoor assemblies to wind loading is also complex and dependson the complete hi
28、story of load magnitude, duration, andrepetition. These factors are discussed in ASCE 7 and in theliterature (1-12)5.5.2 This test method is not intended for use in evaluating theadequacy of glass for a particular application. When thestructural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the proce-dur
29、e described in Standard Test Method E 997 or E 998 shallbe used.5.3 The proper use of this test method requires knowledgeof the principles of pressure and deflection measurement.5.4 Two types of cyclic air pressure differentials are defined:(Procedure A) Life cycle load (X1.1) and (Procedure B) Wind
30、event load (X1.2). When testing under uniform static airpressure to establish structural performance, including perfor-mance under proof load, Standard Test Method E 330 applies.Consideration of windborne debris in combination with cyclicair pressure differential representing extreme wind events isa
31、ddressed in Standard Test Method E 1886 and StandardSpecification E 1996.5.5 Typical practice in the United States for the design andtesting of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors has beento consider only a one-time application of design wind load,increased by an appropriate factor of safety.
32、 This design windload is based on wind velocities with actual average probabili-ties of occurrence of once in the design life of the structure.The actual in-field performance of such assemblies, however,is dependent on many complex factors, and there existssignificant classes of applications where t
33、he effects of repeatedor cyclic wind loading will be the dominating factor in theactual structural performance, even though the magnitudes ofsuch cyclic loads may be substantially lower than the peak loadto which the assembly will be subjected during its design life.Examples of assemblies for which
34、the effects of cyclic loadingmay be significant are included in Appendix X2.5.5.1 When cyclic load effects are significant, the actualin-field performance of the assembly will depend on thecomplete load history to which the assembly is subjected. Thehistory includes variable sustained loads as well
35、as gusts,which occur at varying frequencies and durations. Such loadhistories are not deterministic, requiring the specifier to resortto a probabilistic approach for test parameters. The resistanceof an assembly to cyclic loading is similarly complex. Whenavailable, endurance curves (stress/number (
36、S/N) curves) canbe used to estimate the fatigue resistance of a particularmaterial. A major uncertainty in applying these data, however,5The boldface numbers in parentheses refers to the list of references at the endof this test method.E1233062is that the stress in an element induced by a unit press
37、ure loadis usually not known a priori. The problem is further compli-cated by the fact that the load to which the in situ assembly issubjected is not a repetitive load of given magnitude but onethat varies in frequency, duration, and magnitude such as loadsassociated with a wind event.5.5.2 To estab
38、lish practical test parameters, the consider-ations in 5.1-5.5.1 must be modeled by a simple loadingprogram that approximates the actual loading with respect to itsdamage potential. For the case of life cycle loads, the antici-pated actual loading may include critical pressures that willoccur with g
39、reater frequency during the design life of thestructure than is practical to use for testing. In such cases, theactual load magnitude and number of repetitions must berepresented in the test by an equivalent load of larger magni-tude and fewer repetitions. For the case of specific wind eventloads, t
40、he entire test loading program may be developed fromwind tunnel testing or by using methods defined in theliterature.5.5.3 In this test method, the test assembly is first subjectedto pressure cycles. The assembly is expected to survive thisloading without apparent structural distress. Following this
41、, theassembly is subjected to positive and negative maximum testloads. The maximum test loads may represent sustained loadsor gust loads, or both.5.6 Design wind velocities may be selected for particulargeographic locations and probabilities of occurrence based ondata from wind velocity maps such as
42、 provided in ASCE 7.5.7 The person specifying the test must translate the antici-pated wind velocities and durations into static air pressuredifferences and durations. Complexities of wind pressures asrelated to building design, wind intensity versus duration,frequency of occurrence, and other facto
43、rs must be considered.Superimposed on sustained winds are gusting winds which, forshort periods of time, from fractions of seconds to a fewseconds, may move at considerably higher velocities than thesustained winds. Wind tunnel studies, computer simulations,and model analyses are helpful in determin
44、ing the appropriatewind pressures for buildings by showing how a particularbuilding acts under wind velocities established by others.(1-6)5.5.8 Specification of a test program based on a comprehen-sive treatment of all of the above considerations is a complextask. The procedures presented inAppendix
45、 X1 may be used toestablish test parameters when a comprehensive analysis of theproblem is not possible. The procedures account for theexpected magnitude variation and occurrence frequency inwind velocities; they are not intended to account for turbulentwind load or structural resonance effects (2).
46、5.9 Some materials have strength or deflection characteris-tics that are time dependent. Therefore, the duration of theapplied test load may have a significant impact on theperformance of materials used in the test specimen. The mostcommon examples of materials with time-dependent responsecharacteri
47、stics that are used in curtain walls are glass, plastics,and composites that employ plastics. For this reason, thestrength of an assembly is tested for the actual time duration towhich it would be exposed to a sustained or a gust load, orboth, as discussed below. For practical purposes, cyclic loade
48、ffects are to be considered to be duration-dependent, and thecyclic test loads need be applied only long enough for thechamber pressure to stabilize. In the past, practice in the UnitedStates generally has been to require a minimum test period formaximum test loads of 10 s for specified loads equal
49、to 1.5times the design pressure, unless otherwise specified. Thus asafety factor was incorporated in the testing. With higher testloads and longer time durations, the designer must alsoconsider what safety factors are essential, particularly withregard to gust wind loads. Gust wind loads are of relativelyshort duration, so that care shall be exercised not to specify orallow unnecessarily long duration loads for purposes of testingthe adequacy of the structure to withstand wind gusts.NOTE 1In applying the results of tests by this test method, note thatthe performance of a w
