1、Designation: E1220 16Standard Practice forVisible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent-RemovableProcess1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers procedures for visible penetrantexamination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It is anondestructive tes
3、ting method for detecting discontinuities thatare open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of fusionand is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami-nation. It can be effectively used in the examination ofnonporou
4、s, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination methodusing the solvent-removable process reco
5、mmended or requiredby individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain itsapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrantexamination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur-chaser and the
6、manufacturer regarding specific techniques isstrongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest standards forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,ho
7、wever, that after indications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere must be a separate code, specification, or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and direction ofindications considered acceptable, and those considered
8、 unac-ceptable.1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and thesupplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are
9、for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior t
10、o use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D
11、1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Combustion and IR DetectionE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination forGeneral IndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Ter
12、minology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel41This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committe
13、e E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1220 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/E1220-1
14、6.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1220 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to t
15、he standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12
16、.3 Other Standards:AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant5ISO 9712 Nondestructive TestingQualification and Certi-fication of NDT PersonnelGeneral Principles62.4 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel72.5 DoD Contracts-Unless otherwise specified, the iss
17、ues ofthe documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in theissue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of Precedence-In the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof t
18、his practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrantexamination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall applyto the terms used in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing tested and allowed to
19、enter open discontinuities. After asuitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed bywiping and the surface is dried. If an aqueous developer is tobe employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.A developer is then applied, drawing the entrapped penetrantout of the discon
20、tinuity, staining the developer. The test surfaceis then examined visually to determine the presence or absenceof indications.4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, thenature of the part under examination (that is, size,
21、shape,surface condition, alloy), and type of discontinuities expected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate thepresence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature andmagnitude of the detected discontinuities. This practice isintended primarily for portability
22、and for localized areas ofexamination, utilizing minimal equipment. Surface roughnessmay be a limiting factor. If so, an alternate process, such aswater-wash visible or post-emulsified penetrant should beconsidered when grinding or machining is not practical.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Visible, Sol
23、vent-Removable Liquid Penetrant TestingMaterials, (see Note 1) consist of a family of applicable visiblepenetrant, solvent remover, as recommended by themanufacturer, and are classified as Type II Visible, MethodCSolvent-Removable. Penetrant materials shall conform toAMS 2644 unless approved by the
24、contract or Level III.Intermixing of materials from various manufacturers is notrecommended. (WarningWhile approved penetrant materi-als will not adversely affect common metallic materials, someplastics or rubber may be swollen or stained by certainpenetrants.)NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirem
25、ents for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Visible, Solvent-Removable Penetrants are designed sothat excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping withdry, clean, lint-free material, and repeating the operation untilmost of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining tracesshall be
26、removed by wiping the surface with clean, lint-freematerial lightly moistened with the solvent remover. To mini-mize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should betaken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surfacewith solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohibited.Visibl
27、e penetrant examination makes use of a penetrant that isvisible under normal lighting conditions. The penetrant isusually red in color so that the indications produce a definitecontrast with the visible background of the developer. Visiblepenetrant indications must be viewed under adequate visibleli
28、ght (see 7.1.8.1).6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,making it possible to wipe the surface clean and free of residualpenetrant as described in 7.1.5.6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through
29、 blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Thedeveloper used shall provide a contrasting white background.Nonaqueous, wet developers and aqueous developers are themost commonly used developers in the visible, solvent-removable penetrant pro
30、cess. Liquid film developers also areused for special applications.6.4.1 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are normally supplied assuspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrierand are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to thesurface by spraying after the excess penetrant has bee
31、nremoved and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet develop-ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when driedand serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants(see 7.1.7.1(a). (WarningThis type of developer is intendedfor application by spray only.)6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are
32、 normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.7.1(b). (WarningAqueous developers may cause strip-ping of indications, if not properly applied and
33、 controlled. Theprocedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer
34、will fix5Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096, http:/www.sae.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.7Av
35、ailable from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.E1220 162indications and may be stripped from the surface and retainedfor record purposes (see 7.1.7.1(c).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the solvent-removable, v
36、isible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should befrom 40 to 125F (4 to 52C). Where it is not practical tocomply with these temperature limitations, the procedure mustbe qualified at
37、 the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in theas-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramic in the densified condition. When only loose surfaceresiduals
38、 are present, these may be removed by wiping thesurface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning ofmetals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should bedone using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemicalremoving pro
39、cesses. Surface conditioning by grinding,machining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, gritand vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and whenpenetrant entrapment in surface irregularities might mask theindications of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise inter-fere with the effecti
40、veness of the examination. For metals,unless otherwise specified, etching shall be performed whenevidence exists that previous cleaning, surface treatments orservice usage have produced a surface condition that degradesthe effectiveness of the examination. (See Annex on CleaningParts and Materials i
41、n Practice E165/E165M for generalprecautions relative to surface preparation.)NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care should be used wit
42、h grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any pene
43、trant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant that might interferewith the penetrant process. All parts or areas of parts to beinspected must be clean and dry before the penetrant is applied.If only a section of a part, such as a we
44、ld, including theheat-affected zone is to be examined, all contaminants shall beremoved from the area being examined as defined by thecontracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean that thesurface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux, spatter,grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that mi
45、ght interfere withpenetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the pen-etrant from entering discontinuities (see Annex on Cleaning ofIncoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam VaporDegreaseSolventWashAcidEtchMechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLI
46、CATION(See 7.1.4)Apply SolventRemovable,VisiblePenetrantREMOVE(See 7.1.5)SolventWipe-OffDRY(See 7.1.6)DryDEVELOP(See 7.1.7)NonaqueousWetorLiquidFilm DeveloperAqueousDeveloperDRY(See 7.1.6EXAMINE(See 7.1.8) ExamineMechanicalWashDetergentPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 and PracticeE165/E165M, Annex on PostClean
47、ing)DryVapor Degrease Solvent Soak UltrasonicCleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Visible Penetrant Examination General Procedure FlowsheetE1220 163Parts and Materials in Practice E165/E165M for more detailedcleaning methods). (WarningResidues from cleaningprocesses, such as strong alkalies p
48、ickling solutions andchromates in particular, may adversely react with the penetrantand reduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the areato be examined be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since anyliquid residue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant
49、. Dryingmay be accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens,with infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the area to be examinedhas been cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperaturerange, apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so thatthe entire part or area under examination is completely coveredwith penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing,flooding, or spraying. Small parts are
