1、Designation: E186 10E186 15Standard Reference Radiographs forHeavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. in. (50.8 to 114-mm) 114 mm)Steel Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These referenc
3、e radiographs2 illustrate various categories, types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steelcastings that have section thicknesses of 2 to less than 412 in. (50.8 to 114 mm). The reference radiograph films are an adjunctto this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM Int
4、ernational, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levelsfor each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.1. Note that the basis of application forthese reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser/supplier agreement of radiographic examination at
5、tributes and classificationcriterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard. Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may befound in Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E280. Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E280 provide some overlapof severity levels for s
6、imilar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3)1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes as follows:1.2.1 Volume I: 1MV X Rays X-rays and Iridium 192 (called “1 to 2Mev X rays” X-rays” in previous editions)-Set of 28plates (nominal 5
7、 by 8 in. (127 by 203 mm) in a 15 by 17 in. (381 by 432 mm) ring binder).1.2.2 Volume II: 2MV X Rays X-rays and Cobalt-60 (called “gamma rays” in previous editions). This includes cobalt-60 orequivalent isotope radiation and from 2MV up to 4MV X rays- X-rays- Set of 28 plates (nominal 5 by 8 in.) in
8、 a 15 by 17 in.ring binder.1.2.3 Volume III: 4MV to 30MV X rays X-rays (called “10 to 24 Mev X rays” X-rays” in previous editions)- Set of 28 plates(nominal 5 by 8 in.) in a 15 by 17 in. ring binder.1.2.4 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comp
9、arison only withproduction radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volumeconsists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities.Reference radiographs co
10、ntaining ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific castingdiscontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levelsfor the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:1.2.4.1 Category AG
11、as porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.4.2 Category BSand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.4.3 Category CShrinkage; three types:(1) Calinear shrinkageseverity levels 1 through 5. (Called Type 1 in previous revisions)(2) Cbfeathery shrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5. (Call
12、ed Type 2 in previous revisions)(3) Ccsponge shrinkageSeverity levels 1 through 5. (Called Type 3 in previous revisions)1.2.4.4 Category DCrack; one illustration (D3 in pre-1972 documents).1.2.4.5 Category EHot tear; one illustration in pre-1972 documents.1.2.4.6 Category FInsert; one illustration (
13、EB3 in pre-1972 documents).1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; howe
14、ver, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level1 These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E0
15、7 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.02 onReference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2015. Published February 2010September 2015. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition app
16、roved in 20042010as E186 - 98E186 - 10.(2004)1. DOI: 10.1520/E0186-10.10.1520/E0186-15.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference Radiographs SE 186 in Section V of that Code.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM
17、standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by
18、 ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless o
19、f the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI values are shown for information only.standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for informati
20、on only and are notconsidered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylim
21、itations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters are ChangedE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE446 Refe
22、rence Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:4Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel Castings:Volume I, 1-MV X-RaysX-rays and Iridium-1925Volume II, 2 to 4-MV X-RaysX-ray
23、s and Cobalt-606Volume III, 4-MV to 30-MV X-RaysX-rays73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to radiographic examination, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production radiographa radiograph under review for compliance with this st
24、andard.3.2.2 discontinuity typea specific discontinuity characterized by its cause and appearance. For example: linear shrinkage is aspecific discontinuity type.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya nomenclature system used for grouping discontinuity types. For example: linear shrinkage isassigned category
25、“Ca” where “C” represents the general shrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linear shrinkagediscontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity levela relative rank in terms of “quantity, size and distribution” of a collection of discontinuitieswhere “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest
26、 “quantity, size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. Example: aseverity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires a higher level of workmanship fabrication quality) than a severity level of “2.”3.2.5 discontinuity classan assigned workmanship fabrication quality rating characteri
27、zed by a discontinuity type, categoryand severity level. For example: “Ca 2” is a discontinuity class comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of “2.”3.2.6 classification specificationa set of user defined acceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic workmanshipdiscontinuity clas
28、s requirements for a specified user casting service application (see Sections 6 and 7).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of discontinuity that is assigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded illustrationa category of discontinuity without an assigned severity level.3.2.9 proratingassignment of quantit
29、y, size and distribution on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar size area ofa reference radiograph. For example: a production radiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area of a referenceradiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the applicable reference radiograph is
30、 reduced proportionately.4. Significance and Use4.1 Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity typesand relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containingungr
31、aded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels may3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information,
32、 refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from ASTM Headquarters.5 Order RRE018601.6 Order RRE018602.7 Order RRE018603.E186 152not be needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutualagreement, selec
33、t particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections6 and 7).4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, forenergy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of
34、 this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E446 or E280 reference radiographs may alternativelybe used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in
35、 a purchaser supplier agreement (seeSection 1 and 5.1).4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribedin Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications wher
36、e it maybe appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, allsuch changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addressespurchaser supplier requisites where w
37、eld repairs to castings may be required.5. Method of Preparation5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunct reference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I or II filmsystems by the respective use of radiation energies stated in 1.2.1 to 1.2.3. The original radiographs were made with
38、 a penetrametersensitivity, as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see Guide E94), of 2-2T. The adjunct reference radiographs are reproductionsprepared to an optical density of 2.00 to 2.25 and have substantially retained the contrast of the original radiographs. In preparingthese reference radiograph
39、s, the objective was to obtain progressively graduated severity levels for each graded discontinuitycategory of this standard.Additionally, some overlap of severity levels may occur for similar discontinuity categories of ReferenceRadiograph standard E446 or E280 with the same energy level range (se
40、e 6.3).5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the imagedeteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are noexception and may exhibit a loss in image
41、quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signsof wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth.Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wearand tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should
42、 be replaced.6. Determination of Radiographic Classification6.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings, a determination must be made of the radiographic discontinuity classifications to beassigned to individual castings or specific areas of castings. The determination of the applicable radiographic
43、discontinuityclassification shall be based on an evaluation of the casting applications, design, and service requirements. In these evaluations,consideration shall be given to such factors as pressure, temperature, section thickness, applicable design safety factor, vibration,shock, resistance to co
44、rrosion, involvement of penetrating radiations or radiation products, and involvement of dangerous gasesor liquids.6.2 For each individual casting or specific area of a casting to be radiographed, the discontinuity class must be clearly specified.For example: severity level 2 might be specified for
45、linear shrinkage, Category Ca, and severity level 3 for gas porosity, CategoryA, since the latter are generally much less deleterious to tensile properties (see Section 7).6.3 When determining discontinuity severity levels for individual castings spanning thickness ranges outside the range of thisst
46、andard, consideration should be given to the potential for overlapping severity levels as described in 4.2 and 5.1.6.4 Production radiographs which are compared to reference radiographs should have an optical density in the area of interestin accordance with Standard Guide E94 and a specified minimu
47、m radiographic sensitivity (quality level) of 2 % (2-2T). Otherradiographic quality levels or optical densities may be designated, but then a corresponding change in severity level for eachdiscontinuity category should be anticipated and hence specified.7. Classification Specifications7.1 The applic
48、able radiographic discontinuity classification should be designated by the contracting agency in formalspecifications or drawings and in the specific contract or order. The specifications, drawings, contract, or order should alsodesignate the sampling plan for the castings to be radiographed and the
49、 extent of radiographic coverage, radiographic practice tobe followed (see Guide E94), image quality desired (see Note 1), as well as the severity of acceptable discontinuity for gradeddiscontinuity.NOTE 1For description of sensitivity or image quality levels, see Guide E94 and Reference Radiograph standard E242.8. Procedure for Evaluation8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the casting submitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs exposed at anequivalent energy range within the thickness range of this standard (unless otherwise
