1、Designation: D8176 18Standard Test Method forMechanically Tapped Density of Activated Carbon(Powdered and Fine Mesh)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the me-chanically tapped density of powdered and fine mesh activated
3、carbon. For the purpose of this test method, “powdered carbon”is defined as having a mean particle diameter less than 45 m,and “fine mesh carbon” is defined as having a particle sizepredominately between 80 and 325 U.S. Standard mesh.1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Noother
4、 units of measure are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the appl
5、icability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by
6、the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2652 Terminology Relating to Activated CarbonD2867 Test Methods for Moisture in Activated CarbonD5158 Test Method for Determination of Particle Size ofPowdered Activated Carbon by Air
7、Jet SievingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Termino
8、logy3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology D2652.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample of powdered or fine mesh carbon is tappedin a graduated cylinder using a tapping device. The mechani-cally tapped density is determined from the known mass ofpowdered or fine mesh carbon and the tapped volume.5. Signifi
9、cance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the densityexpressed in g/mL for powdered or fine mesh carbon. Due tothe nature of the small particles, the density of these carbontypes cannot be measured using the same procedure as granularcarbon.6. Apparatus6.1 CylinderGraduated 100-mL seria
10、lized Class A, cali-brated “to contain” (TC), with a base designed to accommodatethe cylinder holder in the tapping device.6.2 Automated Tapping Device3Stroke height 3.0 60.3 mm, 250 6 15 strokes min, with built-in adjustable coun-ter capable of delivering 5000 taps.6.3 Analytical Balance, having a
11、sensitivity of 0.1 g orbetter.6.4 Drying Oven, forced-air circulation.7. Procedure7.1 Dry an adequate sample(s) using the procedure de-scribed in Test Methods D2867.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D28 onActivated Carbon and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D
12、28.02 on LiquidPhase Evaluation.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8176-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v
13、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3ERWEKA GmbH (Ottostr. 20-22 63150 Heusenstamm, Germany). The ER-WEKASVM-121/221 tapped density tester has been found suitable for this purpose.Agilent Technologies, Inc. (5301 Stevens Creek Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 9505
14、1).The Agilent 350 tapped density tester has been sound suitable for this purpose.Pharma Alliance Group, Inc. (28518 Constellation Road Valencia, CA 91333).The Pharma Alliance TD-1-2 has been found suitable for this purpose.Quantachrome Instruments (1900 Corporate Drive Boynton Beach, FL 33426).TheA
15、utotap and Dualtap tapped density analyzers have been found suitable forthis purpose.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on
16、standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.17.2 Tare the empty graduated cylinder on the balance.7.3 Fill the graduated cylinder
17、 to 100 mL and weigh to thenearest 0.1 g. Record the mass of the carbon, W.7.4 Place the graduated cylinder into the holder of thetapping device.7.5 Preset the counter to 1000 taps and start the tappingdevice.7.6 When tapping is completed, read the tapped volume, V,to the nearest 1 mL by estimating
18、the average level of thecarbon surface in the cylinder.7.7 Place the graduated cylinder back into the holder of thetapping device and repeat steps 7.5 and 7.6 until no changes inthe tapped volume of carbon can be observed.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the mechanically tapped density, MTD,asfollows:MTD
19、 5 W V (1)where:W = mass of carbon, g, andV = volume occupied by the carbon in measuring cylinder,mL.9. Precision and Bias9.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study of ASTM WK41716, Standard TestMethod for Mechanically Tapped Density ofActivated Carbon,conducted in 201
20、4. Five laboratories participated in this study.Each of the labs was instructed to report three replicate testresults for ten different types of activated carbon material.Every “test result” reported represents an individual determi-nation. Practice E691 was followed for the design and analysisof th
21、e data; the details are given inASTM Research Report No.RR:D28-1008.49.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference between repetitiveresults obtained by the same operator in a given laboratoryapplying the same test method with the same apparatus underconstant operating conditions on identical test material
22、withinshort intervals of time would, in the long run, in the normal andcorrect operation of the test method, exceed the followingvalues in only one case in 20.9.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as the maximumdifference between two results obtained under repeatabilityconditions that is accepted
23、 as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.9.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1.9.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference between twosingle and independent results obtained by different operatorsapplying the same test method in different labor
24、atories usingdifferent apparatus on identical test material would, in the longrun, in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the following values in only one case in 20.9.1.2.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as the maximumdifference between two results obtained under reproduc
25、ibilityconditions that is accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.9.1.2.2 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 1.9.1.3 The above terms (“repeatability limit” and “reproduc-ibility limit”) are used as specified in Practice E177.9.1.4 Any j
26、udgment in accordance with 9.1.1 and 9.1.2would normally have an approximate 95 % probability ofbeing correct. However, the precision statistics obtained in thisinterlaboratory study must not be treated as exact mathematicalquantities which are applicable to all circumstances and uses.The limited nu
27、mber of participants and materials guaranteesthat there will be times when differences greater than predictedby the interlaboratory study results will arise, sometimes withconsiderably greater or smaller frequency than the 95 %probability would imply. The repeatability limit and the repro-ducibility
28、 limit should be considered as general guides, and theassociated probability of 95 % as only a rough indicator ofwhat can be expected.9.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod; therefore, no statement on bias is be
29、ing made.9.3 The precision statement was determined through statis-tical examination of 150 test results, from five laboratories, onten different types of activated carbon material. To judge thereliability of two test results, it is recommended to choose thesample type closest in characteristics to
30、the test material.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D28-1008. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Mechanically Tapped Density (g/mL)MaterialAverageARepeatabilityStandardDeviationReproducibilitySt
31、andardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitReproducibilityLimitxSrSRrRCoconut 80 325 Mesh 0.550 0.019 0.025 0.055 0.071Wood 80 325 Mesh 0.340 0.011 0.015 0.030 0.042Coal 80 325 Mesh 0.532 0.014 0.016 0.038 0.044Lignite 80 325 Mesh 0.450 0.012 0.016 0.034 0.044Coconut 78 Micron Powder 0.557 0.007 0.063 0.020 0
32、177Coal 78 Micron Powder 0.521 0.009 0.076 0.024 0.214Coconut Powder 0.377 0.008 0.053 0.023 0.147Wood Powder 0.362 0.005 0.020 0.015 0.057Coal Powder 0.468 0.020 0.060 0.055 0.167Lignite Powder 0.478 0.008 0.053 0.023 0.149AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.D8176 18210. Keywords1
33、0.1 density; fine mesh; mechanically tapped; powderedcarbonASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pat
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