1、Designation: D7794 18Standard Practice forBlending Mid-Level Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-FuelVehicles with Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7794; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotivespark-ignition engine fuels with
3、 ethanol concentrations greaterthan those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less thanthe minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specifica-tion D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use inflexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as“Ethanol Flex Fu
4、el.”1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable foruse in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operateon gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the require-ments of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends tha
5、t meet therequirements of Specification D5798, or any combination ofthese. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by theU.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended fromeither:1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to th
6、e require-ments of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganicchloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kginorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignitionengine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at adistribution terminal or bulk plant), or1.3.2 Ethanol
7、fuel blends conforming to SpecificationD5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming toSpecification D4814 (often at a retail site).1.4 This practice describes the required procedures forblending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuelvehicles at the bulk distribution point or
8、 retail/commercialdelivery site. These requirements may be applied at otherpoints in the production and distribution system when providedby agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in
9、thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations
10、 prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techni
11、calBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4
12、806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gasoline by
13、 Gas ChromatographyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol andMethanol Content in Fuels Containing Greater than 20%Ethanol by Gas ChromatographyD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in1This practice is under
14、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 2014 as D7794 14. DOI:10.1520/D7794-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of
16、 Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in th
17、e Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Ble
18、nds for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD7319 Test Meth
19、od for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol andButanol by Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatog-raphyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride inFuel Ethanol by Ion Chromatograp
20、hy Using AqueousSample InjectionD7923 Test Method for Water in Ethanol and HydrocarbonBlends by Karl Fischer Titration2.2 Other Standards:316 CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16,Part 30640 CFR United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40,Part 863. Terminology3.1 For genera
21、l terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 automotive fuel rating, nthe automotive fuel ratingrequired under the amended Octane Certification and PostingRule (or as amended, the Fuel Rating Rule), 16 CFR, Part 306.3.2.1.1 DiscussionUnder this Rule, sellers of liquid auto-motive
22、fuels, including alternative fuels, must determine,certify, and post an appropriate automotive fuel rating. Theautomotive fuel rating for gasoline is the antiknock index(octane rating). The automotive fuel rating for alternativeliquid fuels consists of the common name of the fuel along witha disclos
23、ure of the amount, expressed as a minimum percent-age by volume, of the principal component of the fuel. Foralternative liquid automotive fuels, a disclosure of othercomponents, expressed as a minimum percentage by volume,may be included, if desired. This is applicable in the UnitedStates.3.2.2 conv
24、entional-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed tooperate on spark-ignition engine fuel that complies withSpecification D4814.3.2.3 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable regulatory agency to prevent theim
25、position of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.4 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH. D48063.2.5 ethanol fuel blend, na high concentration ethanol-based fuel for flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines and vehicles.3.2.6 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operateon either unlead
26、ed gasoline or ethanol fuel blends or mixturesof both. D57983.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the United States, these vehicleshave U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline comply-ing with U.S. EPA requirements and ethanol fuel blends thatmeet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.2.7 fuel blending d
27、ispenser, na device for measuring anddispensing fuel, conforming to the standards established by theapplicable regulatory jurisdictions, that can volumetricallycombine two different base products into newly formedblended products that may be dispensed through a single hoseor multiple hose dispenser
28、configuration.3.2.8 fuel ethanol, na grade of undenatured ethanol withother components common to its production (including water)that do not affect the use of the product as a component forautomotive spark-ignition engine fuels. D48063.2.9 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquidhydrocarbons, general
29、ly containing small amounts ofadditives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internalcombustion engines. D48143.2.10 gasoline-ethanol blend, na fuel consisting primar-ily of gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen) of ethanol. D48063.2.11 mid-level ethanol fue
30、l blend, nan automotivespark-ignition engine fuel with an ethanol concentrationgreater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles andless than the minimum ethanol content limit of SpecificationD5798.3.2.11.1 DiscussionMid-level ethanol fuel blends are of-ten referred to as EXX, where XX repr
31、esents the nominalpercentage of denatured fuel ethanol.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides procedures for blending automo-tive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrationsgreater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles andless than the minimum ethanol content limit
32、 of SpecificationD5798. It addresses in detail the various factors which need tobe considered when blending. These considerations includeselection of fuel components for blending and general handlinginformation.5. General Requirements5.1 The fuel blending components specified in this practiceshall m
33、eet the performance requirements of SpecificationsD4814, and either D5798 or D4806 and all applicable regula-tory fuel requirements.5.2 The blending party, being responsible for the finishedproduct, shall be provided, at the time of delivery of the fuel,on product transfer documents, an invoice, bil
34、l of lading,shipping paper, or other documentation, a declaration of theproduct type and grade of the fuels that are the intended fuelblending components. It is recommended that the blendingparty conduct testing and inspections to determine applicable3Available from Standardization Documents Order D
35、esk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.D7794 182properties that are necessary to ensure the blending of compli-ant mid-level ethanol fuel blends.5.3 Product transfer documents alone may not be sufficientto demonstrate conformance. A C
36、ertificate of Analysis repre-sentative of the fuel being delivered is recommended to ensurecompliance.5.4 The fuel blender or testing analyst, or both, is warnedthat some requirements and test methods applicable to auto-motive spark-ignition engine fuels depend on whether the fuelis a gasoline, a ga
37、soline-ethanol blend, or ethanol fuel blend.Once the amount of ethanol is known for the gasoline orgasoline-ethanol blend component and for the SpecificationD5798 ethanol fuel blend or Specification D4806 fuel ethanolcomponent, the appropriate blending ratios can be determinedfor the blending of the
38、 two components.5.4.1 Test Method D5501 shall be used for determination ofthe volume percent ethanol for the fuel ethanol component(that is, high concentration ethanol) and to verify the mid-levelblend fuel, and Test Methods D4815 or D5599 shall be used forthe gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blend comp
39、onent (that is, lowconcentration ethanol).5.5 In order to ensure the presence of no more than 1 mg/kginorganic chloride in the finished fuel or in SpecificationD5798, the ethanol component specified herein shall meet allthe requirements of Specification D4806 with a more restric-tive inorganic chlor
40、ide limit as determined in Test MethodsD7319 and D7328. The hydrocarbon blending componentspecified herein shall meet all the requirements of SpecificationD4814.5.6 Mid-level ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free ofwater, sediment, and suspended matter. It shall be clear andbright at the point
41、and condition of custody transfer and displayno indication of phase separation.5.7 The finished fuel shall also be free of any adulterant orcontaminant that could render the fuel unacceptable for itscommonly used applications.6. Blending Procedures6.1 This practice includes procedures for blending m
42、id-levelethanol fuel blends at the bulk distribution terminal and at retailusing a fuel blending dispenser.6.2 A fuel blending plan shall be developed describing thenecessary actions needed to achieve the targeted mid-levelethanol fuel blends and performance expectations of flexible-fuel vehicles.6.
43、2.1 Blending plans utilizing new equipment installation orconversion of existing equipment depend on thorough prepa-ration and planning for the entire fuel system.6.2.2 The investigation and design of the wetted fuel systemstarts with a review of the flow of the fuel from receipt throughretail deliv
44、ery ensuring materials compatibility with the blend-ing components and the blended mid-level ethanol fuel blends.6.2.3 Fuel storage and blending systems shall be approvedby the jurisdictions in charge of storage tanks, fuel dispensers,and associated equipment.6.2.4 If a single hose blending dispense
45、r is used, the entiredispenser shall be dedicated to serving flexible-fuel vehicles. Ifa multiple hose dispenser configuration is used, one hose maybe dedicated to E0 or E10 fuel, and one or more additionalhoses may be dedicated to mid-level ethanol fuel blends.6.2.5 Documentation of the findings an
46、d changes madeduring the system review may prove beneficial for the fuelblenders future reference.6.2.6 The plan should include a strategy for handling thevariability in ethanol and gasoline content in fuels beingdelivered and shall take into consideration the design andoperational abilities of the
47、blending meters that will be used.6.2.7 This review should apply to the initial handling pointat the terminal, through the distribution and transport system,and ultimately to the end pointthe retail point of sale.6.3 Determination of Blending Component Properties:6.3.1 It is the responsibility of th
48、e suppliers of fuels that willbe used for blending mid-level ethanol fuel blends to providethe blending parties with product transfer documents thatcontain, at a minimum, the information required by all appli-cable regulatory agencies. In the United States, this includes,among other items, a product
49、 description and the applicableAutomotive Fuel Rating. The fuel supplier is responsible forensuring that the product transfer documents are a true andaccurate representation of the materials being supplied. Be-cause product transfer documents are not always required tocontain all information necessary for the blending party toaccurately determine compliance with the final blend, theblending party must be prepared to either obtain a Certificate ofAnalysis from the fuel supplier(s), arrange for specific pur-chase specifications with their supplier(s), or have a sample
