1、Designation: D7688 11Standard Test Method forEvaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-FrequencyReciprocating Rig (HFRR) by Visual Observation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the lubricity ofdiesel fuels using a h
3、igh-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR).1.2 This test method is applicable to middle distillate fuels,such as Grades No. 1-D S15, S500, and S5000, and Grades No.2-D S15, S500, and S5000 diesel fuels, in accordance withSpecification D975; and other similar petroleum-based fuelswhich can be used in die
4、sel engines. This test method also isapplicable to biodiesel blends. B5 was included in the roundrobin program that determined the precision statement.NOTE 1It is not known that this test method will predict theperformance of all additive/fuel combinations. Additional work is under-way to establish
5、this correlation and future revisions of this test methodmay be necessary once this work is complete.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
6、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applicableregulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statementsare given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D975
7、 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD6078 Test Method for Evaluating
8、Lubricity of DieselFuels by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (SLBOCLE)E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-als32.2 SAE Standard:4SAE-AMS 6440 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.45 Cr(0.93-1.05C) (S
9、AE 52100), for Bearing Applications2.3 ISO Standard:5ISO 3290 Roller Bearings, Balls Dimensions and toler-ances3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 boundary lubrication, na condition in which thefriction and wear between two surfaces in relative motion aredetermined by the properties of the surfaces
10、and the propertiesof the contacting fluid, other than bulk viscosity.3.1.1.1 DiscussionMetal to metal contact occurs and thechemistry of the system is involved. Physically adsorbed orchemically reacted soft films (usually very thin) supportcontact loads. As a result, some wear is inevitable.3.1.2 lu
11、bricity, na qualitative term describing the abilityof a fluid to affect friction between, and wear to, surfaces inrelative motion under load.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the lubricity of afluid is evaluated by the wear scar, in microns, produced on anoscillating ball from contact with a st
12、ationary disk immersed inthe fluid operating under defined and controlled conditions.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 HFRRhigh frequency reciprocating rig3.2.2 WSDwear scar diameter1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsi
13、bility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published April 2011. DOI: 10.1520/D768811.This test method was developed by ISO/TC22/SC7/WG6 and is a part of ISO12156.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
14、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from
15、 SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
16、ken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A 2-mL test specimen of fuel is placed in the testreservoir of an HFRR.4.2 A vibrator arm holding a nonrotating steel ball andloaded with a 200-g mass is lowered until it contacts a test diskcompletely submerged in the fuel. When the fue
17、l temperaturehas stabilized, the ball is caused to rub against the disk with a1-mm stroke at a frequency of 50 Hz for 75 min.4.3 The test fuel temperature is maintained at 60C and theambient relative humidity is maintained between 30 % and85 %.4.4 At the conclusion of the test, the upper specimen ho
18、lderis removed from the vibrator arm and cleaned. The dimensionsof the major and minor axes of the wear scar are measuredunder 1003 magnification and recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 Diesel fuel injection equipment has some reliance onlubricating properties of the diesel fuel. Shortened life ofen
19、gine components, such as diesel fuel injection pumps andinjectors, has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in adiesel fuel.5.2 The trend of HFRR test results to diesel injection systempump component distress due to wear has been demonstratedin pump rig tests for some fuel/hardware combinati
20、ons whereboundary lubrication is believed to be a factor in the operationof the component.65.3 The wear scar generated in the HFRR test is sensitive tocontamination of the fluids and test materials, the temperatureof the test fuel, and the ambient relative humidity. Lubricityevaluations are also sen
21、sitive to trace contaminants acquiredduring test fuel sampling and storage.5.4 The HFRR and Scuffing Load Ball on Cylinder Lubric-ity Evaluator (SLBOCLE, Test Method D6078) are two meth-ods for evaluating diesel fuel lubricity. No absolute correlationhas been developed between the two test methods.5
22、.5 The HFRR may be used to evaluate the relative effec-tiveness of diesel fuels for preventing wear under the pre-scribed test conditions. Correlation of HFRR test results withfield performance of diesel fuel injection systems has not yetbeen determined.5.6 This test method is designed to evaluate b
23、oundarylubrication properties. While viscosity effects on lubricity inthis test method are not totally eliminated, they are minimized.6. Apparatus6.1 High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR),7,8(seeFig. 1) capable of rubbing a steel ball loaded with a 200-g massagainst a stationary steel disk complet
24、ely submerged in a testfuel. The apparatus uses a 1-mm stroke length at a frequency of50 Hz for 75 min. Complete operating conditions are listed inTable 1.6.2 Test Reservoir, capable of holding a test disk in a rigidmanner beneath the test fuel. The temperature of this reservoir,and consequently the
25、 test fuel contained in it, is maintained bymeans of a closely attached electrically controlled heater pad.6.3 Control Unit7,8for controlling stroke length, frequency,test reservoir temperature, friction force, electrical contactpotential, and test duration, with an electronic data acquisitionand co
26、ntrol system.6.4 Microscope, capable of 1003 magnification in gradua-tions of 0.1 mm and incremented in divisions of 0.01 mm.6.4.1 Glass Slide Micrometer8,9with a scale ruled in 0.01mm divisions.6.5 Cleaning Bath, ultrasonic seamless stainless steel tankwith adequate capacity and a cleaning power of
27、 40 W orgreater.6.6 Desiccator, capable of storing test disks, balls, andhardware.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Acetone, reagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapors may cause flash fire).7.2 Compressed Air, containing less than 0.1 ppmv hydro-carbons and 50 ppmv water. (WarningCompressed gasun
28、der high pressure. Use with extreme caution in the presenceof combustible material.)7.3 Gloves, appropriate for the reagents used.7.4 Reference Fluids:7.4.1 Fluid A10High lubricity reference (WarningFlammable). Store in clean, borosilicate glass with an alumi-num foil-lined insert cap or a fully epo
29、xy-lined metal container.Store in dark area.7.4.2 Fluid B10Low lubricity reference (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful). Store in clean, borosilicate glass6Nikanjam, M., Crosby, T., Henderson, P., Gray, C., Meyer, K, and Davenport,N., “ISO Diesel Fuel Lubricity Round Robin Program,” SAE, Paper No. 9523
30、72,SAE Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Oct. 16-19, 1995, Toronto, Canada.7The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis PCS Instruments, 78 Stanley Gardens, London W3 7SZ, England.8If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM Inte
31、rnational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Catalog No. 31-16-99 from Bausch diesel fuel; friction; HFRR; lu-brici
32、ty; wearANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. MEASUREMENT OF HFRR WEAR SCARSINTRODUCTIONAnnex A of ISO 12156-1:2006 (E) Measurement of HFRR wear scars, used by permission fromISO/CS.A1.1 The appearance of the wear scar on the ball can varywith fuel type, particularly when lubricity additives are present.I
33、n general, the wear scar appears to be a series of scratches inthe direction of motion of the ball, somewhat larger in the xdirection than in the y direction.A1.2 In some cases, for example when low-lubricityreference fluids are tested, the boundary between the scar andthe discolored (but unworn) ar
34、ea of the ball is distinct, and it iseasy to measure the scar size. In other cases, the centralscratched part of the scar is surrounded by a less distinct worn11Nikanjam, M., Rutherford, J., “Improving the Precision of the HFRR LubricityTest,” SAE Paper No. 2006-01-3363.12Supporting data have been f
35、iled at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1718.D7688 114area, and there is no sharp boundary between the worn andunworn areas of the ball. In these cases, it can be more difficultto see or measure the true scar shape; as shown in Fig. A1.1,the ov
36、erall wear scar comprises the distinct and the less distinctareas.A1.3 Photographic examples of various wear scar shapesare shown in Fig. A1.2, together with an assessment of theoverall scar boundary.FIG. A1.1 Example of a Wear Scar with an Indistinct BoundaryD7688 115FIG. A1.2 Examples of Wear Scar
37、sD7688 116ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such r
38、ights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addition
39、al standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the AS
40、TM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. A1.2 Examples of Wear Scars (continued)D7688 117
