1、Designation: D 7480 08Standard Guide forEvaluating the Attributes of a Forest Management Plan1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7480; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides a list of criteria and indicators thathave been shown to be useful in achieving the goals of asustainable forest ma
3、nagement plan. This guide lists a set ofcriteria considered to be important for the following tasks:1.1.1 To describe, assess, and evaluate progress towardsustainability of forest management at the national, regional, orindividual forest level.1.1.2 To inform the policy debate at regional, national,
4、 andinternational levels.1.1.3 To evaluate the attributes of a forest managementcertification or evaluation system with a specific combinationof forest management principles, practices, or adaptations,where such practices are evaluated against a set of prescribedstandards. Although this guide provid
5、es a qualitative list ofcriteria for evaluation of forest conditions, it does not purportto recommend any specific forest management certification orevaluation system or subset of overall attributes. The guidedoes not replace forest certification or verification standards.1.2 This guide will require
6、 compilation of information frommultiple sources across various governmental and nongovern-mental agencies. For this guide to be useful, it is recommendedthat the information collected is in alignment with that whichis already collected for other purposes; otherwise these indi-cators may be too grea
7、t an effort to combine in a timelyfashion.NOTE 1Although this document provides general guidance applicableto forests and forest products from many countries, its initial applicationis expected to focus on North America.1.3 This guide cannot replace education or experience andshould be used in conju
8、nction with professional judgment suchas that provided by foresters, forest scientists, and woodtechnologists.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safet
9、y and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-ucts3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsStandard definitions of wood terms aregiven in Terminology D9.3.2 Definitions
10、 of Terms Related to the Field of Forestry:3.2.1 criterion, na category of conditions or processes bywhich sustainable forest management may be assessed. Acriterion is characterized by a set of related indicators whichare monitored periodically to assess change.Montral Process33.2.2 criterion indica
11、tor, na measure (measurement) ofan aspect of the criterion. A quantitative or qualitative variablewhich can be measured or described and which when observedperiodically demonstrates trends. Montral Process33.2.3 ecosystem, na dynamic complex of plant, animal,fungal, and micro-organism communities an
12、d the associatednon-living environment with which they interact.Montral Process33.2.4 forest management practice, na specific activity,measure, course of action, or treatment. USFS43.2.5 forest type, na category of forest defined by itsvegetation, particularly composition, or locality factors, or an
13、ycombination thereof, as categorized by each country in asystem suitable to its situation. Montral Process31This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.08 on Forests.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2
14、008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3“Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustai
15、nable Management ofTemperate and Boreal Forests,” The Montral Process, Third Edition, December2007, Online, available, http:/www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/meetings/an-6.pdf, 1 De-cember 2008.4Available from the United States Forestry Service (USFS), 1400 IndependenceAve., SW Washington, DC 20250-0003, h
16、ttp:/www.fs.fed.us.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE 1 Criteria 16Criterion Element Indicator1. Conservation of biologicaldiversity1.1 Ecosystem diversity 1.1a Area and percent of forest by forest ecosystem type,
17、successional stage, age class,and forest ownership or tenure1.1b Area and percent of forest in protected areas by forest ecosystem type and by ageclass or successional stage1.1c Fragmentation of forests1.2 Species diversity 1.2a Number of native forest associated species1.2b Number and status of nat
18、ive forest associated species at risk, as determined bylegislation or scientific assessment1.2c Status of on site and off site efforts focused on conservation of species diversity1.3 Genetic diversity 1.3a Number and geographic distribution of forest associated species at risk of losinggenetic varia
19、tion and locally adapted genotypes1.3b Population levels of selected representative forest associated species to describegenetic diversity1.3c Status of on site and off site efforts focused on conservation of genetic diversity2. Maintenance of productivecapacity of forest ecosystems2.a Area and perc
20、ent of forest land and net area of forest land available for woodproduction2.b Total growing stock and annual increment of both merchantable and non-merchantabletree species in forests available for wood production2.c Area, percent, and growing stock of plantations of native and exotic species2.d An
21、nual harvest of wood products by volume and as a percentage of net growth orsustained yield2.e Annual harvest of non-wood forest products3. Maintenance of forestecosystem health and vitality3.a Area and percent of forest affected by biotic processes and agents (for example,disease, insects, invasive
22、 species) beyond reference conditions3.b Area and percent of forest affected by abiotic agents (for example, fire, storm, landclearance) beyond reference conditions4. Conservation and maintenanceof soil and water resources4.1 Protective Function 4.1a Area and percent of forest whose designation or l
23、and management focus is theprotection of soil or water resources4.2 Soil 4.2a Proportion of forest management activities that meet best management practices orother relevant legislation to protect soil resources4.2b Area and percent of forest land with significant soil degradation4.3 Water 4.3a Prop
24、ortion of forest management activities that meet best management practices, orother relevant legislation, to protect water related resources4.3b Area and percent of water bodies, or stream length, in forest areas with significantchange in physical, chemical, or biological properties from reference c
25、onditions5. Maintenance of forestcontribution to global carboncycles5.a Total forest ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes5.b Total forest product carbon pools and fluxes5.c Avoided fossil fuel carbon emissions by using forest biomass for energy6. Maintenance and enhancementof long-term multiple socio-e
26、conomic benefits to meet theneeds of societies6.1 Production and consumption 6.1a Value and volume of wood and wood products production, including primary andsecondary processing6.1b Value of non-wood forest products produced or collected6.1c Revenue from forest based environmental services6.1d Tota
27、l and per capita consumption of wood and wood products in round woodequivalentsD74800823.2.6 forestry, nforestry is the science and art of attainingdesired forest conditions and benefits to sustain and enhanceforest resources for diverse benefits in perpetuity.Society of American Foresters53.2.7 mon
28、itoring, nthe periodic and systematic measure-ment and assessment of change of an indicator.Montral Process33.2.8 sustainable forest management, nthe practice ofmeeting the forest resource needs and values of the presentgenerations with a goal of preserving the similar capacity offuture generations.
29、 Sustainable forest management involvespracticing a land stewardship ethic that integrates the refores-tation, managing, growing, nurturing, and harvesting of tressfor useful products with the conservation of soil, air, and waterquality; wildlife and fish habitat; and aesthetics.Dictionary of Forest
30、ry63.2.9 sustained-yield, nthe achievement and maintenanceover multigenerational timeframes of a high-level annual orregular periodic output of the various renewable resources ofthe forest without impairment of its productivity. USFS43.3 Additional Terms Related to Sustainability andCertification/Ve
31、rification Programs:3.3.1 biobased producta commercial or industrial product(other than food or feed) that is composed, in whole or insignificant part, of biological products or renewable agricul-tural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials)or forestry materials.3.3.2 certified for
32、est contentcertified forest content istracked through a chain of custody process either by physicalseparation or percentage based approaches.3.3.3 certified wood (or wood-based product)derived/manufactured from an acceptable content of raw material fromcertified forest, other acceptable sources and
33、recycled contentas determined by a credible and reliable forest certificationprograms. Certified wood or wood-based products comply withall applicable standards for their intended use as required bythe International Building Code and related Codes.3.3.4 chain of custody (COC)a defined process that a
34、l-lows companies to make claims about how much of the fiber intheir product comes from certified forests, how much fibercomes from acceptable sources, and how much of the fibercomes from recycled content. COC is typically third partyaudited in accordance with forest certification/verificationprogram
35、s.5Available from the Society of American Foresters (SAF), 5400 GrosvenorLane, Bethesda, MD 20814-2198, http:/www.safnet.org.6Helms, J. A., ed., The Dictionary of Forestry, Society of American Foresters,Bethesda, MD, 1998.TABLE 1 ContinuedCriterion Element Indicator6. Maintenance and enhancementof l
36、ong-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet theneeds of societies6.1 Production and consumption 6.1e Total and per capita consumption of non-wood products6.1f Value and volume in round wood equivalents of exports and imports of wood products6.1g Value of exports and imports of non-wood product
37、s6.1h Exports as a share of wood and wood products production and imports as a share ofwood and wood products consumption6.1i Recovery or recycling of forest products as a percent of total forest productsconsumption6.2 Investment in the forest sector 6.2a Value of capital investment and annual expen
38、diture in forest management, wood andnon-wood product industries, forest-based environmental services, recreation, and tourism6.2b Annual investment and expenditure in forest-related research, extension anddevelopment, and education6.3 Employment and communityneeds6.3a Employment in the forest secto
39、r6.3b Average wage rates, annual average income, and annual injury rates in major forestemployment categories6.3c Resilience of forest-dependent communities6.3d Area and percent of forests used for subsistence purposes6.3e Distribution of revenues derived from forest management6.4 Recreation and tou
40、rism 6.4a Area and percent of forests available or managed for public recreation and tourism, orboth6.4b Number, type, and geographic distribution of visits attributed to recreation and tourismand related to facilities available6.5 Cultural, social and spiritualneeds and values6.5a Area and percent
41、of forests managed primarily to protect the range of cultural, socialand spiritual needs and values6.5b The importance of forests to peopleD74800833.3.5 forestry materialsmaterials derived from the prac-tice of planting and caring for forests and the management ofgrowing timber. Such materials must
42、come from short rotationwoody crops (less than ten years old), sustainably managedforests, wood residues, or forest thinnings.3.3.6 other acceptable sourcesother acceptable sourcesrefers to forest content that, while not from a certified forest,can be verified as not coming from a non-acceptable sou
43、rce asdefined by the certification program.3.3.7 non acceptable sourcesillegal or unauthorized har-vesting as defined by the forest certification programs refer-enced in this guideline.3.3.8 procurement systema system requiring organiza-tions buying raw materials to have an auditable procurementproc
44、ess designed to improve forest management on all suppli-ers lands and ensure all fiber comes from known and legalsources.3.3.9 wood-based productany material which consist of aminimum of 90 % of forest materials as measured by eitherweight or volume.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The criteria and indicators
45、 listed under Sections 6 and 7apply broadly to temperate and boreal forests. They areintended to provide a common understanding of what is meantby sustainable forest management. Section 6 provides a com-mon framework for describing, assessing, and evaluating acountrys progress toward sustainability
46、at the national orregional level. Section 7 provides smaller-scale systems, plans,and practices to assess sustainability at the individual forestmanagement level.4.2 The criteria and indicators are intended to provide aninternational reference for policy-makers in the formulation ofnational and regi
47、onal policies and a basis for internationalcooperation aimed at supporting sustainable forest manage-ment. Internationally agreeable criteria and indicators will helpto clarify ongoing dialogues related to international trade inproducts from sustainably managed forests.4.3 The additional terms relat
48、ed to sustainability andcertification/verification systems (see 3.3) are included in thisguide to provide a common reference for these terms that arecommonly associated (either directly or indirectly) with prod-ucts derived from sustainably managed forests.NOTE 2While the inclusion of the terms note
49、d in 3.3 are peripheral tothe main thrust of this guide, their “standardization” within an ASTMdocument provides enormous benefits for various groups of users of thisdocument.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to be used by developers ofstandards and other documents in the field of renewableresources and green building to evaluate whether the attributesof a specific forest management system meet the intent ofsustainable forest management.5.2 In addition to the attributes addressed by this document,some users may wish to impose other eval
