1、Designation: D 7357 07Standard Specification forCellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements forcellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete,and other cementitio
3、us products.1.2 This specification provides for measurement of proper-ties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribestesting procedures to establish conformance to these require-ments.1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent require-ment of a product specification and a req
4、uirement of thisspecification, the product specification shall prevail. In the caseof a conflict between a requirement of the product specificationor a requirement of this specification and a more stringentrequirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shallprevail. The purchase order require
5、ments shall not take prece-dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of theproduct specification or this specification; for example, by thewaiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirementless stringent.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regar
6、ded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
7、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1116 Specification for Fiber-Rei
8、nforced Concrete andShotcreteD 6942 Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers inAlkaline Environments2.2 TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and PaperIndustry):3T 205 Forming handsheets for physical tests of pulpsT 222 Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulpT 231 Zero-span breaking strength
9、of pulp (dry zero-spantensile)T 232 Fiber length of pulp by projectionT 233 Fiber length of pulp by classificationT 234 Coarseness of pulp fibersT 236 Kappa number of pulpT 259 Species identification of non-wood plant fibersT 263 Identification of wood and fibers from conifers2.3 ACI (American Concr
10、ete Institute) Documents:4544.1R Committee Report on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete2.4 ICC-ES Documents:5AC 217 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete with Virgin Cel-lulose Fibers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 alkaline stability, nresistance to strength loss due toexposure to alkaline environments, as me
11、asured in Test MethodD 6942.3.1.2 coarseness, nlinear density given in units of mg/100m. (See TAPPI T 234.) This unit is termed decigrex, andcan be converted to the standard textile linear density unit,denier, which is weight in grams of 9000 meters of syntheticfiber.3.1.3 durability/compatibility w
12、ith concrete, nresistanceto strength loss based on ZSSR testing (Test Method D 6942)using saturated calcium hydroxide and 1N sodium hydroxideas alkaline environments. (See ICC-ES AC 217, section 4.6.)3.1.4 zero-span stability ratio (ZSSR), nthe ratio of thezero-span tensile after exposure to an alka
13、line environment tothe zero-span tensile of the control fibers (that is, fibers notexposed to an alkaline environment) as defined in Test MethodD 6942.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct respo
14、nsibility ofSubcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
15、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.4Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI
16、 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.5Available from ICC-ES, 5360 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601,http:/www.icc-es.org, under “Approved Criteria.”1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.5 zero-span tensile, nmeasureme
17、nt of individual fiberstrength, as defined in TAPPI Method T 231 based on testingstandard handsheets made according to TAPPI Method T 205.4. Classification4.1 Cellulose fibers are described in ACI 544.1R-96, chap-ter 5 as a class of natural fibers. Specification C 1116 also usesthe term natural fibe
18、r to describe cellulosic fibers.4.2 Unknown cellulosic plant fibers must be identified assuch or identified by appropriate microscopic examination.(TAPPI T 259 provides for the identification of non-wood plantfibers, and T 263 provides for the identification of fibers fromconifers.)4.3 If known, the
19、 common name and scientific classificationof the fibers will be provided. For example, wood fibersderived from pulping slash pine trees should be designated;“slash pine (Pinus elliottii) fibers.” A classification for mixedvegetable fibers would be 1:1 elephant grass (Pennisetumpurpureum) and esparto
20、 (Stipa tenacissima).4.4 Processed fibers shall also be classified by process.Process types are mechanical and chemical. Mechanical pro-cesses include stone ground (SG), refiner mechanical pulping(RMP), thermo-mechanical pulping (TMP), and chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP). Chemical pulping in-
21、cludes the kraft process, the soda process, and the sulfiteprocess.5. Ordering Information5.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements that are necessary for the product under thisspecification. Such requirements to be considered include, butare not limited to, the
22、following:5.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue.5.1.2 Quantity in kg (pounds or tons).5.1.3 Type or types permissible (Section 4).5.1.4 Manufacturers product code.5.1.5 Whether Certificate ofAnalysis by the manufacturer isrequired.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 The materials and manufacturing me
23、thods used shall besuch that the fibers produced conform to the requirements inthis specification.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Cellulosic fibers contain polysaccharides, lignin, extrac-tives and minerals. The polysaccharides consist of cellulose(poly-1,4-b-D-anhydroglucopyranose) and hemicellulose(pol
24、ymers of mixed pentoses and hexoses).7.2 Unbleached, semibleached and fully bleached chemicalwood pulps have cellulose as the predominant polymer. Unpu-rified vegetable fibers will have hemicelluloses as the predomi-nate polymer.7.3 Mechanical wood pulps will have approximately equalamounts of cellu
25、lose, hemicellulose, and lignin.7.4 Purified chemical (“fully bleached”) wood pulps do notcontain lignin, but mechanical, unbleached, and semi-bleachedpulps still retain some residual lignin. Fibers that are notlignin-free should be certified by the level of lignin presentusing either the kappa numb
26、er test (TAPPI T 236)ortheacid-insoluble lignin test (TAPPI T 222).8. Physical Properties8.1 The average fiber length of the cellulosic fibers will bespecified based on projected length (TAPPI T 232), classifiedlength (TAPPI T 233) or instrumental determination by a fiberanalyzer.8.2 The average fib
27、er coarseness of the cellulosic fibers willbe specified based on microscopic examination (TAPPI T 234)or instrumental determination by a fiber analyzer.8.3 The average zero-span tensile strength of the cellulosicfibers will be specified based on standard testing and reportedin grams, kilograms or br
28、eaking length (the test protocol willbe consistent with TAPPI T 231).9. Performance Requirements9.1 Certified test results based on standard test methods maybe required by the purchaser.10. Other Requirements10.1 As specified by purchaser.11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance11.1 Fibers shall meet
29、specifications for basis weight,brightness, viscosity, sheet density, dirts, and other parametersdesired by purchaser.12. Hazards12.1 Cellulose fibers are generally regarded as safe, but caremust be taken in storage since cellulose fibers are flammable.During processing cellulosic fines may be gener
30、ated as dust,which could require the use of dusk masks. MSDS must beavailable.13. Inspection13.1 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order orcontract, the manufacturer is responsible for the performanceof all inspection and test requirements specified herein. Exceptas otherwise specified in t
31、he purchased order or contract, themanufacturer may use his own or any other suitable facility forthe performance of the inspection and test requirements speci-fied herein unless disapproved by the purchaser.13.2 The purchaser shall have the right to perform any ofthe inspections and tests set forth
32、 in this specification wheresuch inspections are deemed necessary to ensure that materialconforms to prescribed requirements.14. Rejection and Rehearing14.1 RejectionIf any test fails to conform to the require-ments of this specification, it shall be cause for rejection of thematerial represented by
33、 the test. Material that is found to bedefective subsequent to its acceptance at the manufacturersworks may be rejected and manufacturer notified. Rejection offibers shall be reported to the manufacturer promptly and inwriting, stating the lot number from the bag or the box of therejected fibers. Sa
34、mples representing fibers rejected by thepurchaser shall be preserved until disposition of the claim hasbeen agreed to between the supplier and the purchaser.D735707214.2 RehearingWhen any test fails to meet requirements,a retest shall be allowed. This retest shall be performed ontwice the number of
35、 randomly selected specimens originallytested. The results of the retest shall meet the requirements ofthis specification or the lot shall be rejected.15. Certification15.1 Certification of Compliance/AnalysisWhen specifiedin the purchase order or contract, the producer or supplier shallfurnish a ce
36、rtificate of compliance/analysis stating the productwas manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accor-dance with this specification (including year of issue) and anyother requirements designated in the purchased order orcontract, and has been found to meet such requirements.15.2 Test Reports
37、When specified in the purchase order orcontract, test reports shall be furnished to the purchasercontaining the results of all tests requires by this specification(including year of issue), and any other requirements desig-nated in the purchase order or contract.15.3 A signature or notarization is n
38、ot required; however,the document shall clearly identify the organization submittingthe document. Notwithstanding the absence of a signature, theorganization submitting the document is responsible for itscontent.16. Packaging and Package Marking16.1 The product shall be packaged to provide adequatep
39、rotection during normal handling and transportation. The typeof packaging and gross mass (weight) of containers shall,unless otherwise agreed upon, be at the manufacturers discre-tion provided that they are such as to ensure acceptance bycommon or other carriers for safe transportation at the lowest
40、rate to the delivery point.16.2 Each shipping container shall be clearly labeled andshow manufacturers name or trademark, product code, lotnumber or manufacturing code, and net mass (weight). At themanufacturers discretion other information may be given.17. Precision and Bias17.1 For precision and b
41、ias statements, see the individualtest standards referenced in this specification.18. Keywords18.1 acceptance testing; cellulose fibers; classification;fiber-reinforced concreteASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item ment
42、ionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee
43、and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
44、 of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
45、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D7357073
