1、Designation: D7143 11 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forEmission Cells for the Determination of Volatile OrganicEmissions from Indoor Materials/Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis practice complements Guide D5116 and Practice D6670.1. Scope1.1 This
3、 practice is intended for determining volatile or-ganic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and productsusing emission cells. It can be applied in principle to mostconstruction materials and many products used indoors. Ob-jectives include:1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end userswi
4、th emission data useful for evaluating the impact of buildingproducts, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a modelroom.1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lowerVOC emissions.1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and fordetermining the area specific emission rate of
5、VOCs fromnewly produced building products under defined climate con-ditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, itis also possible to perform nondestructive emission measure-ments on building products on-site in buildings. Howev
6、er, theprocedure for such measurements is not described in thisstandard.1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, perfor-mance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emissiontesting. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to betested, and preparation of test specimens are als
7、o described.1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determina-tion of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternativesampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde andother carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.NOTE 1All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde canb
8、e analyzed by either Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.NOTE 2Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specificobjectives.NOTE 3Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also beanalyzed (for example, ammonia).1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appen-dix X2 of
9、 this practice.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relat
10、ing toSampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde andOther Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Meth-odology)D5337 Practice for Flow Ra
11、te Adjustment of Personal Sam-pling PumpsD6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Param-eters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions forMonitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in AirD6330 Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Com-pounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions fromWood-
12、Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un-der Defined Test ConditionsD6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of
13、 Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7143 11.DOI:10.1520/D7143-11R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
14、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D7339 Test Method for Determination of Volatil
15、e OrganicCompounds Emitted from Carpet using a Specific SorbentTube and Thermal Desorption / Gas Chromatography2.2 Others Standards and Documents:EN 196-1 Methods of Testing CementPart 1: Determina-tion of StrengthEN 428 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Over-all ThicknessEN 430 Resilient Fl
16、oor CoveringsDetermination of Massper Unit AreaEN 927-1 Paints and VarnishesCoating Materials andCoating Systems for Exterior WoodEN 1937 Test Method for Hydraulic Setting Floor Smooth-ing and/or Leveling CompoundsStandard Mixing Pro-ceduresEN 13892-1 Methods of Test for Screed MaterialsPart 2:Sampl
17、ing, Making, and Curing Specimens for TestISO 554 Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/orTestingISO 1765 Machine-Made Textile Floor CoveringsDetermination of ThicknessISO 2811 Paints and varnishesDetermination of densityISO 3233 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Percent-age Volume of Non-Vol
18、atile Matter by Measuring theDensity of a Dried CoatingISO 3251 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Non-Volatile Matter of Paints, Varnishes, and Binders forPaints and VarnishesISO 8543 Textile Floor CoveringsMethods for Determi-nation of MassISO 16000-6 Indoor AirPart 6: Determination of VolatileO
19、rganic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air byActive Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorp-tion and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FIDISO 16000-9 Indoor AirPart 9: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and FurnishingEmission Test ChamberMethodISO 16
20、000-10 Indoor AirPart 10: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and FurnishingEmission Test Cell MethodISO 16017-1 Indoor, ambient and workplace airSamplingand analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbenttube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatogr
21、aphyPart 1: Pumped samplingEPA-600/4-89/017 US EPA Compendium of Methods forDetermination of Toxic Organic Compounds in AmbientAir available through the National Technical InformationService, Springfield, VA22161; PB90-116989. This reportcontains US EPAMethod TO-17Determination of vola-tile organic
22、compounds in ambient air using active sam-pling onto sorbent tubes.Nordtest NT Build 438 (1995) Building Materials: Emissionof Volatile ChemicalsField and Laboratory EmissionCell3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions and terms commonly usedin ASTM standards, including this practice, refer to T
23、erminol-ogy D1356. For definitions and terms commonly used whentesting materials and products for VOC emissions, refer toGuide D5116. For an explanation of general units, symbols andconversion factors, refer to Practice D1914.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 For the purposes
24、of this standard, the following termsand definitions apply.3.2.2 emission cella portable device for the determinationof volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials/products.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe emission cell is placed against thesurface of the test specimen, such that the surface of th
25、e testspecimen itself becomes part of the emission cell. This is thefundamental difference between emission cells and emissionchambers. The air inlet of the emission cell is designed suchthat the flow of air is directed over the surface of the testspecimen.3.2.2.2 DiscussionAn example emission cell
26、is describedin Appendix X2.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Emission cells are suitable for relatively-homogeneousindoor materials/products, which present a planar surface to theemission cell.NOTE 4Small emissions chambers are similarly limited with respectto sample inhomogeneity. To overcome this issue, w
27、ith either emissioncells or small emission chambers, multiple measurements should be madefrom different parts of the same sample in order to obtain an averageemission measurement.4.2 Indoor materials/products which have a planar surface(wood-based panel products, dried paints or coatings, flooringpr
28、oducts, textiles, foams, polymer sheeting, dried adhesivelayers, and so forth) or which can be made to present a planarsurface to the emission cell (polymer beads, carpet, moldcultures in Petri dishes, and so forth) are placed under theemission cell such that the test specimen itself forms one faceo
29、f the emission cell. Pure, humidified air is passed into the cellthrough a baffle around the perimeter such that it passes overthe whole surface of the test specimen. The temperature andhumidity are closely controlled. As air passes over the testspecimen, vapor-phase organics emitted from the surfac
30、e areswept away from the test specimen in the flow of air. Theair/vapor exit (exhaust) point is usually located centrally,immediately above the test specimen surface, to avoid unsweptvolumes and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix X2). Theexhaust air is fully mixed such that air sampled at the exit p
31、ointis representative of the air in the cell. Approximately 80 % ofthe flow of air into the cell is pumped onto two sample tubes.The excess air is allowed to exhaust through an overflow ventto ensure that a slight positive pressure is maintained inside thecell to prevent ingress of background air.4.
32、3 The air flow rate is set such that the air velocity over thesurface of the test specimen has no effect on the area specificemission rate (see 6.4). The emission tests are carried out atfixed times after preparation of the test specimen (for example,after 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 10 days, 28 da
33、ys, 56 days, or182 days (26 weeks). Throughout the entire test period, testpieces shall either be kept under the emission cell under theD7143 11 (2016)2flow of pure, humidified air, or stored in a clean, well-ventilated environment, under controlled conditions of tem-perature and humidity, with no r
34、isk of contamination fromother samples or other emission sources.NOTE 5The air flow rate at the surface of the test specimen isparticularly critical for wet indoor materials / products where the primaryemission process is evaporation (external diffusion). In these cases, whileit will remain possible
35、 to compare emission data from wet samplescollected using similar emission cells under identical conditions, thenon-uniformity and relative slowness of the air velocity at the surface ofthe test specimen, will make it difficult to compare emission cell data withthat obtained using an emission chambe
36、r (see Appendix X4).NOTE 6Similar limitations make it difficult to compare emission datafrom two different small chambers or from the same chamber underdifferent operating conditions, if that data is obtained during the drying/curing stages of a wet product.4.4 The sample tubes used for collectingVO
37、Cs are analyzedby thermal desorption: gas chromatography (GC); usually withmass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID)to identify and quantify the target volatile organic compoundsas described in Practice D6196, ISO 16000-6 or ISO 16017-1.The measured masses of volatile organic compo
38、unds retainedby the sorbent tubes are then used to determine the area specificemission rates of the material or product. Alternative samplingand analytical techniques are used for formaldehyde (and forother carbonyls) as described in Test Method D5197.5. Significance and Use5.1 Indoor materials/prod
39、ucts are products or materials usedfor construction works or in the indoor environment. The areaspecific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from anindoor material/product may be used to estimate the expectedcontribution of emissions from that material/product to theatmosphere of a given in
40、door environment.5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and catego-rize different indoor materials/products of similar function.5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions mayalternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (forexample, sink effects (absorption and re-emissi
41、on of volatileorganics by the indoor material/product) or emissions gener-ated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/productcaused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone orNOx).6. Principles6.1 General Principles:6.1.1 Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t)are
42、calculated from the masses of target volatile organiccompounds collected on the sample tubes, the flow of airpumped through each sample tube, the total flow of air enteringthe emission cell, the duration of the test and the exposedsurface area of the test specimen. Area specific emission ratesat a g
43、iven lapsed time (t) can also be expressed as a function ofthe emission cell air concentrations for each VOC and the areaspecific air flow rate, q.6.1.2 Air velocity at the surface of the test specimen(Appendix X3 and Appendix X4) is a critical parameter for theanalysis of wet-applied indoor materia
44、ls/products during thedrying/curing stage when the dominant emission mechanism isevaporation (external diffusion) (see 6.4).6.2 Using Emission Data to Estimate Contribution to Atmo-spheric VOC Concentration Indoors:6.2.1 Provided the area specific air flow rate over the surfaceof the test specimen i
45、s similar to that found in the builtenvironment, and provided the surface of the indoor material/product is sufficiently homogeneous to ensure that the area ofthe test specimen exposed in the emission cell is representativeof the whole; area specific emission rates determined by thesetests can be us
46、ed to estimate the likely contribution toatmospheric VOC concentrations from that indoor material/product in real use, at time (t) after installation/application(assuming similar nominal conditions of temperature andhumidity).6.3 Intercomparison of Emission Data:6.3.1 Provided the test conditions ar
47、e duplicated, area spe-cific emission rate data generated from these tests may be usedfor comparison with area specific emission rate data producedfor the same or similar products by other laboratories usingsimilar emission cells.NOTE 7The principles described in 6.2 and 6.3 are true for allapplicab
48、le product types, whatever the dominant process of emission.6.4 Effect of the Emission Mechanism on Test Data andComparison of Test Data:6.4.1 Provided the dominant emission mechanism is (inter-nal) diffusion, not evaporation (external diffusion), area spe-cific emission rate data will be broadly in
49、dependent of airvelocity over the surface of the indoor material/product. Thiswill remain true provided the surface air velocity exceeds theminimum velocity required to prevent build up of vapor-phasecontaminants at the surface of the indoor material/product (seeAppendix X4).6.4.2 Provided the dominant emission mechanism from amaterial/product is internal diffusion, it is possible to comparearea specific emission rates generated from emission cellsunder different air flow conditions or to compare area specificemission rate data generated by emission c
