1、Designation: D7008 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Specification forGeosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for reusableand nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs)used on the work
3、ing face of municipal solid waste landfills(MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range ofproducts including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unrein-forced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coated geo-textile and uncoated geotextile.1.2 This standard addresses the base ADC material
4、s anddoes not address grommets, straps or other fabricated parts.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
5、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and Shee
6、tingD4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles byExposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon ArcType ApparatusD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4533 Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of Geo-textilesD4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongationof GeotextilesD4833 Test
7、 Method for Index Puncture Resistance ofGeomembranes and Related ProductsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterials2.2 Other Standards:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 701 StandardMethods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of TextilesGeosynthetic Research Institute (G
8、RI) SpecificationGM11 Accelerated Weathering of Geomembranes using aFluorescent UVA-Condensation Exposure Device3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms related togeosynthetics, refer to Terminology D4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alternate daily cover, na
9、n alternative to the tradi-tional 15 cm (6 in.) soil cover required by the USEPA forlandfill working faces to “control disease vectors, fires, odors,blowing liter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat tohuman health and the environment.”3.2.2 fire retardant, adjin geosynthetic ADCs, meeting t
10、herequirements of NFPA701, Method 1, Standard Method of FireTests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.3.2.3 nonreusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or filmintended to be placed once and then disposed of, discarded, orleft in place.3.2.4 reusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or membranem
11、aterial intended to be retrieved and installed more than onceto perform the cover function.3.2.5 working face, nthe area of a landfill in which wasteis actively being deposited.4. Classification of Geosynthetic ADCs4.1 NonreusableNonreusable geosynthetic ADCs consistof disposable films or geotextile
12、s, intended to be left in placewithout retrieval. Special equipment exists to facilitate theplacement and anchoring of these materials to cover theworking face of landfills. The cover may contain pro-degradantadditives to accelerate degradation within the waste to allowthe free flow of fluids and ga
13、ses within the waste mass. Threeclasses of nonreusable ADCs are specified based on tensile,tear and puncture properties (see Table 1).4.2 ReusableReusable geosynthetic ADCs consist of vari-ous types of fabric or plastic membranes that have either been1This specification is under the jurisdiction of
14、ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D700808. DOI:10.1520/D7008-08R13.2For refere
15、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1developed or adapted for use as a daily cover material. Panelsfabricated from these materials are placed over the workingface at the end of the day, and retrieved prior to the start of thenext operating day. Special mechanized equipment can be usedto facilit
17、ate the placement and retrieval of panels. Three classesof reusable ADCs are specified based on tensile, tear andpuncture properties (see Table 2).4.3 Fire RetardantMeets the requirements of 6.4.4.4 UV ResistantMeets the requirements of 6.5.5. Physical Properties5.1 GeneralIn order to gain the appro
18、val of regulatoryagencies, ADCs must be demonstrated to be equivalent to soildaily cover with respect to controlling odor, blowing litter,disease vectors, scavengers and fire. Reusable ADCs must alsohave the strength and durability to withstand multiple uses, fora duration of one year. If nonreusabl
19、e ADCs are left in placeafter use, they must degrade in a reasonable amount of time toallow the passage of liquid to the leachate collection system, orthey must be physically perforated prior to burial.6. Requirements and Test Methods6.1 Odor control performance of a geosynthetic ADC de-pends on two
20、 factors, permeability of the ADC to gases andoutside air movement under the ADC and back out from underthe ADC at the edges of the product or through holes in theADC.6.1.1 Permeability of the ADC to water vapor must be nomore than 6.0 E 10-6g/sm2Pa (100 perms) when testedaccording to Test Methods E
21、96/E96M, method B.6.1.2 Air flow and odor flow, out from under the ADCshould be evaluated at a test site. Evaluation can be byassessment of odor by experienced personnel and/or by obser-vation of insect and scavenger attraction to the site. Perfor-mance is compared to a traditional soil daily cover
22、byobservation.6.2 Blowing liter and disease vector control is evaluatedrelative to traditional soil daily cover by observation at a testsite.6.3 Scavenging is controlled by security procedures andother operating practices more than by the ADC. The ADCcontributes to scavenger control by liter control
23、, odor controland, to some extent, through durability, resisting penetration byscavengers. Scavenging control is evaluated by assessment ofthe other properties and by observation and comparison to soilcover.6.4 Geosynthetic ADCs may be rated as “fire retardant.” Tobe rated as fire retardant, the ADC
24、 must pass NFPA 701,Method 1. The requirements are: flame out 2 s; averageweight loss 40 %; no mass loss individual specimen deviat-ing by more than three standard deviations from the mean.6.5 UV resistance is required for reusable ADCs that areintended to be used for a long period of time and store
25、d withexposure to sunlight. An ADC is designated as UV resistantwhen a loss of no more than 50 % of tensile strength occurswhen the ADC is exposed to UV according to GRI Specifica-tion GM11 for a total of 1000 h or Test Method D4355 for atotal of 500 h. Tensile properties of the unexposed and expose
26、dADC are determined according to the appropriate tensile testmethod for that material (see Tables 1 and 2).6.6 Nonreusable ADCs are divided into three classes basedon tensile, tear and puncture strength (see Table 1). Theappropriate test method for the materials are listed in the table.In order to b
27、e categorized under a specific class, an ADC mustmeet all three properties. For breaking factor and tear resis-tance the properties must be met in both machine and trans-verse directions. All values are minimum average roll values(MARV).6.7 Reusable ADCs are divided into three classes based ontensil
28、e, tear and puncture strength (see Table 2). The appropri-ate test method for the materials are listed in the table. In orderto meet the requirements of a class, anADC must meet all threeproperties. For grab tensile and tear resistance the propertiesmust be met in both machine and transverse directi
29、ons. Allvalues are minimum average roll values (MARV).7. Sampling7.1 Laboratory SampleFor laboratory testing, refer to theindividual test standard for appropriate sample collection.7.2 Field SampleFor field evaluation, material represen-tative of the product shall be made available for site installa
30、tionand evaluation. It is important that installation and anchoringprocedures be representative of normal commercial use.8. Keywords8.1 alternate daily cover; landfillTABLE 1 Classes for Nonreusable ADCsProperty Test Method UnitsClass1NClass2NClass3NBreaking Factor ASTM D882 N/m (lb/in.)93 (21) 62 (
31、14) 31 (7)Tear Resistance ASTMD1004N (lb) 18 (4) 13 (3) 9 (2)PunctureStrengthASTMD4833N (lb) 62 (14) 44 (10) 27 (6)TABLE 2 Classes for Reusable ADCsProperty Test Method Units Class 1RClass2RClass3RGrab Strength ASTMD4632N (lb) 1400 (320) 900(200)500(110)Trapezoidal Tear ASTMD4533N (lb) 500 (110) 320
32、 (72) 180 (40)Puncture Resis-tanceASTMD4833N (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72) 180 (40)D7008 08 (2013)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinati
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35、comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single
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