1、Designation: D 6907 05e1Standard Practice forSampling Soils and Contaminated Media with Hand-Operated Bucket Augers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6907; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made in March 2005.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipmentused to coll
3、ect surface and subsurface soil and contaminatedmedia samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operatedbucket auger (hereafter referred to as a bucket auger; some-times referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucketaugers exist and are designed for sampling various types ofsoil. All bucke
4、t augers collect disturbed samples, but bucketaugers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depthand then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relativelyundisturbed sample.1.2 This practice does not cover the use of large (12-in. orgreater diameter) bucket augers mechanically operated by
5、 largedrill rigs or similar equipment, such as those described inPractice D 1452, section 3.2.4.1.3 The term bucket auger is used to differentiate this typeof hand operated auger from others of the solid or hollow stemtypes that are also hand held or operated.1.4 This practice does not address sampl
6、ing objectives (seePractice D 5792), general sample planning (see Guide D 4687),sampling design (for example, where to collect samples andwhat depth to sample see Guide D 6044), sampling forvolatile organic compounds (see Guide D 4547), equipmentcleaning and decontamination (see Practice D 5088), sa
7、mplehandling after collection such as compositing and subsampling(see Guide D 6051), and sample preservation. For informationon other types of augers, see Practice D 1452 and GuideD 4700.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
8、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 4547 Guide for S
9、ampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Ma
10、nagement Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activitie
11、s: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-ment of Waste and Contaminated MediaD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contam
12、inated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD 6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site Characterization1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is t
13、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published March 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inform
14、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept where noted, all terms and symbolsin this practice are in accordance with the
15、following publica-tions. In order of consideration they are:3.1.1 Terminology D 5681 for Waste and Waste Manage-ment,3.1.2 Compilation of ASTM Standard Terminology, and3.1.3 Websters New Collegiate Dictionary.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Typically, bucket augers are tubular devices with cuttingbits on
16、the bottom that are pushed and twisted into the mediaand removed when the tubular “bucket” section is full. Theborehole is advanced one bucket at a time. The practical depthof investigation using a bucket auger is related to the materialbeing sampled.4.2 When a sampling interval starting at the surf
17、ace is to besampled, the same auger can be used to collect all materials tothe bottom of the interval. However, if discrete grab samplesare to be collected to characterize multiple depths or a depthinterval commences below the surface, a clean bucket augershould be used to collect the sample. The to
18、p material in abucket should generally be discarded to minimize chances ofcross-contamination of the sample from material that sloughsfrom the borehole wall.4.3 All augers collect disturbed samples that are generallynot suitable for analysis of volatile organic compounds.NOTE 1Bucket augers may be u
19、sed to obtain samples of materialscontaining volatile organic compounds for field screening purposes. Acore or tube type sampler can be pushed into undisturbed soil at thebottom of an augered hole to collect a relatively undisturbed samplesuitable for chemical analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 Buc
20、ket augers are relatively inexpensive, readily avail-able, available in different types depending on the media to besampled, and most can be easily operated by one person. Theycollect a reasonably cylindrical but disturbed sample of surfaceor subsurface soil or waste. They are generally not suited f
21、orsampling gravelly or coarser soil and are unsuitable forsampling rock.5.2 Bucket augers are commonly used equipment becausethey are inexpensive to operate, especially compared to pow-ered equipment (that is, direct push and drill rigs). Whenevaluated against screw augers, bucket augers generally c
22、ollectlarger samples with less chance of mixing with soil fromshallow depths because the sample is retained within the augerbarrel. Bucket augers are commonly used to depths of3mbuthave been used to much greater depths depending upon the soilor waste characteristics. The sampling depth is limited by
23、 theforce required to rotate the auger and the depth at which theborehole collapses (unless bore casings or liners are used).5.3 Bucket augers may not be suitable for the collection ofsamples for determination of volatile organic compoundsbecause the sample is disturbed during the collection process
24、,which may lead to losses resulting in a chemically unrepresen-tative sample.6. Apparatus6.1 Bucket Augers:6.1.1 Bucket augers for soil sampling generally consist of atubular auger head with cutting bits, an extension rod or rods,and a “T” handle (see Fig. 1). The auger is rotated using the“T” handl
25、e until the bucket is full, the device retrieved andemptied, and the process repeated.6.1.2 The advantages and disadvantages of bucket augersare listed in Table 1.6.1.3 Bucket augers are generally available with tungstencarbide hard surface carbon steel bits, stainless steel cylinderand carbon steel
26、 bail (shank), or in all stainless steel (see Fig.1). Several types of bucket augers are described below. In use,bits should be kept sharp for efficient sampling.6.1.4 Regular Bucket AugerUsed for ordinary soil andwaste sampling and for creating a pilot hole from whichsubsequent undisturbed core sam
27、ples can be collected at depthusing a core sampler. (See Fig. 2a).6.1.5 Sand Bucket AugerDesigned for use in extremelydry, sandy soils. The bits are specially formed to retain loosesand by being close together (see Fig. 2b).6.1.6 Mud Bucket AugerFeatures an open cylinder designto facilitate easier r
28、emoval of heavy, wet soil or clayey soilsamples. Bits are spaced further apart than the regular auger toease entry of sticky soils (see Fig. 2c).6.1.7 The Planer AugerUsed to remove loose materialfrom the bottom of an augered hole, prior to core sampling. Itmay also be used to collect samples of sol
29、id materials from thebottom of drums and tanks (see Fig. 2d).6.1.8 Dutch AugerDesigned to make it an excellent toolfor collection of samples in heavily rooted, fibrous or swampyareas (see Fig. 2e).6.1.9 OtherOther types of augers include the EijkelkampStonyAuger for gravelly soils, the Post-Hole or
30、IwanAuger forcohesive soft or hard soils, and augers with reusable liners andclosed tops to reduce contamination from sloughing sidewalls.7. Presampling7.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (see Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687)FIG. 1 Bucket AugerD690705e12and in
31、 accordance with the Data Quality Objectives (seePractice D 5792). The plan should include a worker health andsafety plan and safety section due to the hazards of samplingcontaminated media.7.2 Field personnel should be trained or be knowledgeablein the sampling procedures.7.3 The type of auger(s) n
32、eeded for sampling the site shouldbe determined and obtained; see 6.1 through 6.1.9 for availabletypes. All needed equipment and supplies (including pre-cleaned sample containers suitable for the analytes of interest)should be assembled and transported to the field site beforesampling commences. Mul
33、tiple augers should be taken to thesite if field decontamination between sampling events is notplanned.7.4 Sampling equipment should be cleaned prior to sam-pling (see Practice D 5088).7.5 Schedules should be prepared to coordinate samplingwith staff, client, analytical laboratory, and regulatory ag
34、encies,if appropriate.7.6 A general site survey should be performed prior to siteentry in accordance with the site-specific health and safetyplan.7.7 Sampling locations should be marked as specified in thework plan. If required, sampling locations may be adjusted andthe changes recorded in the field
35、 logbook. All samplinglocations should be checked for subsurface utilities prior tosampling.8. Procedure38.1 Record all relevant information and observations aboutthe sample location.8.2 Clear the area to be sampled of any surface debris (forexample, twigs, rocks, and litter). It may be advisable to
36、remove the first several centimeters of surface material (unlesssurface material is desired) within a radius of approximately 15cm of the drilling location.8.3 Begin augering by rotating the “T” handle in a clock-wise direction while pressing the auger into the soil. When thebucket is full remove an
37、d deposit accumulated waste onto aplastic sheet or tarp spread a short distance from the hole. Thisfacilitates refilling the borehole (if allowed), and it avoidspossible contamination of the surrounding area. If surface soilis to be sampled, the auger is advanced to the desired depth andthe cuttings
38、 deposited in a sample container or suitablecontainer for subsampling (see Guide D 6051).8.4 If disturbed subsurface samples are to be collected,auger to the top of the desired depth interval and carefullyremove the auger. Carefully insert a clean auger, rotate theauger to collect the sample, and ca
39、refully remove auger tominimize contamination of the sample with borehole wallmaterial. Place the cuttings in a sample container or a containerfor subsampling. If sampling directly from the auger, discardthe upper portion of the sample that may contain material thatsloughed from the borehole wall. I
40、f a composite sample is to becollected, continue the process to the bottom of the desiredinterval. Representatively subsample the soil or waste (seeGuide D 6051) and place the sample(s) in a suitable contain-er(s). Label and preserve all samples as appropriate, record thesampling activity, and trans
41、port the samples to the laboratoryfor analysis.8.5 Casing is required in unstable soils where the boreholecollapses. The inside diameter of the casing must be slightlylarger than the diameter of the auger being used. The casing isdriven to a depth not greater than the top of the next sample andmater
42、ial inside the casing is removed with the auger. The augercan then be inserted into the borehole and turned below thebottom of the casing to obtain a sample or extend the borehole.If deep cased holes are necessary it may be better to considerother mechanical drilling (see Guide D 6286) or direct pus
43、hmethods (see Guide D 6282).8.6 If undisturbed subsurface samples are desired, auger tothe top of the interval to be sampled and carefully remove theauger. A planer auger can then be used to clean and level thebottom of the borehole. Lower a clean core-type sampler (seeD 6232 for information on core
44、 samplers) to the bottom of theborehole without touching the borehole wall and graduallyforce the core tube into the soil or waste. Remove the samplerfrom the borehole, extrude and discard the apparently unrep-resentative material or the top 2.5 cm of the core (this mayrepresent material collected b
45、efore penetration of the layer ofinterest), and extrude the remaining core into a sample con-tainer. Label the sample, preserve as necessary, and transportfor analysis. For samples to be analyzed for volatile organiccompounds, see the special sampling instructions in GuideD 4547.8.7 Decontaminate th
46、e auger and other equipment in accor-dance with the protocol specified in the work plan (see PracticeD 5088) before collecting the next sample and after the lastsample is collected.8.8 Generally, shallow holes can be backfilled by handtamping with the removed material but local and state regula-tion
47、s may require the boreholes to be filled with clean material.3Compendium of ERT Soil Sampling and Subsurface Geophysics Procedures,EPA /540/P/91/006, SOP 2012, US EPA, 1991.TABLE 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bucket AugersAdvantages Disadvantages1. Inexpensive to purchase andoperate.2. Readily a
48、vailable.3. Operable by one or two people.4. Available in a variety of typessuitable for a wide variety of soiltypes.5. Larger volumes of soil obtainedcompared to hand-held tubesamplers.6. Collect a reasonably cylindrical(representative) sample.7. Depending upon soilcharacteristics and the auger,sam
49、ples may be collected at depthsof 3 m or more.1. Samples from lower depths canbe contaminated by cave-in orsloughing of bore walls.2. Samples are disturbed so it isdifficult to generate an accurate soilprofile.3. Samples are generally notsuitable for quantitativedetermination of volatile organiccompounds due to disturbance.4. Sampling depth generally limitedto 1-2 m.5. Metal from bucket augers maycontaminate samples (stainlesspreferred for trace elementsampling.6. Extraction of samples fromclosed bucket types is cumbersome,and decontamination more difficultthan for screw aug
