1、Designation: D6894 10Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automotive Diesel Engine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the proce
3、dure described inthis test method. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides reference oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives results statistically similar to
4、 those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such arequirement in connection with several Army engine lubricating oil specifications.Ac
5、cordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of information letters issued by the TMC.
6、 In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method. For other information, refer tothe research report for this test method.31. Scope1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate an engineoils resistance to aeration in automotive diesel engine service.It is commonly referre
7、d to as the Engine Oil Aeration Test(EOAT). The test is conducted using a specified 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engine on a dynamometer teststand. This test method was developed as a replacement forTest Method D892 after it was determined that this bench testdid not correlate with oi
8、l aeration in actual service. The EOATwas first included in API Service Category CG-4 in 1995.NOTE 1Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil perfor-mance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision ofSpecification D4485.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be re
9、garded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionWhere there is no direct SI equivalent, forexample, screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, andtubing size.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
10、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Tes
11、t Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Reagents and Materials 7Preparation of Apparatus 8Calibration 9Test Procedure 10Determination of Test Results 11Report 12Precision and Bias 13Keywords 141This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants an
12、d is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.02 on Heavy Duty Engine Oils.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D689408. DOI:10.1520/D6894-10.2ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pitts
13、burgh, PA152006-4489.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1379.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Engine System Drawings Annex A12. R
14、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Prod
15、ucts by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for
16、Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables
17、D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sedi
18、ment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4485 Specification for Performance of Engine OilsD4737 Test Method for Calculated
19、Cetane Index by FourVariable EquationD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)5D5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils inTwo-Stroke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA DieselEngine5D6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Char-acteri
20、stics of Lubricating OilsD6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust PreventiveCharacteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135CE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsIEEE/AST
21、M SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 SAE Standard:6J 304 Engine Oil Tests2.3 API Standard:7API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-p
22、ropelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D65943.1.2 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output ofa device (e.g., thermometer, manometer, engine) with respectto that of a standard.3.1.3 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have theperformance characteris
23、tics necessary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specification. D58443.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between the moving parts within an engine; removes heatparticularly from the underside of pistons; and serves ascombustion gas sealant for
24、the piston rings.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming are examples.D58623.1.5 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed inor on the surface of a liquid in which
25、the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis. D60823.1.6 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output andinternal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.D44853.1.7 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion engine
26、types, one that is designed to allow operation continuously at orclose to its peak output.3.1.8 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, betweenthem. D58623.1.9 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil; such as a research formul
27、ation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D58443.1.10 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D58443.1.11 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablished procedure. D65573.1.12 used oil, nany oil that has been in a piece ofequipment (
28、for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, orturbine), whether operated or not. D41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
29、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.6Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. This standard is not ava
30、ilable separately. Eitherorder the SAE Handbook Vol. 3 or the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Standards ManualHS-23.7Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.D6894 1023.2.1 aeration, nin liquids, the action of impregnatingwith air tha
31、t forms foam bubbles in or on the surface of a liquidor is entrained as a dispersion in that liquid.3.2.2 flush, nthe action of cleaning out the engine oilsystem using new test oil to remove any residues as well as tominimize possible carryover effect from the previous test oil.3.2.3 HEUI, nhydrauli
32、cally-actuated, electronically-controlled, unit injector.84. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test engine is a 1994 unit built by InternationalTruck and Engine Corporation9(Model No.A215). This engineis equipped with the HEUI fuel system.8It is installed in a fullyinstrumented test cell.4.2 The test se
33、quence consists of a five-step, warm-upperiod followed by a one-step evaluation period for 20 h atmaximum power.4.3 Aerated oil samples are taken after 1 h, 5 h, and 20 h andthe percent oil aeration is calculated from the initial volumeand the final volume after sitting undisturbed for 30 min.5. Sig
34、nificance and Use5.1 BackgroundIn the HEUI fuel system, the engine oilfrom the oil sump not only lubricates the engine, it alsosupplies a high-pressure oil system that takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it up to 20.7 MPa in a plunger pump(see Fig. A1.1). This oil is used to operate unit
35、injectors that,when used in combination with intensifiers, increase the fuelinjection pressure up to 145 MPa, independent of engine speed.The electronic controls permit varied injection timing andduration to provide optimum fuel economy and emissions. Thissystem may, however, circulate all the oil i
36、n the sump inapproximately 8 s; as a consequence, aeration of the oil canoccur with some engine oils. International determined that 8 %oil aeration was the limit beyond which engine operation andperformance would be impaired in actual service.5.1.1 Prior to 1994, the ability of an engine lubricant t
37、oresist aeration was measured by Test Method D892. During thedevelopment of the API CG-4 category in 1994, however, itwas found10that this bench test did not correlate with aerationin the International T 444E engine. The EOAT was developed,therefore, to provide a better measurement of the ability of
38、 alubricant to resist aeration during engine operation. This testhas been included in API CG-4, CH-4, and CI-4 categories forheavy-duty diesel engine oils.5.2 MethodThe data obtained from the use of this testmethod provide a comparative index of the aeration resistanceof engine oils used in medium-
39、and heavy-duty truck dieselengines.5.3 UseThe tendency of engine oils to aerate in direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engines is influenced by avariety of factors, including engine oil formulation variables,oil temperature, sump design and capacity, residence time ofthe oil in the sump, and the d
40、esign of the pressurized oilsystems. In some engine-oil-activated injection systems, theresidence time of the oil in the sump is insufficient to allowdissipation of aeration from the oil. As a consequence, aeratedoil can be circulated to the injector intensifiers, adverselyaffecting the injection ti
41、ming characteristics and engine opera-tion.6. Apparatus6.1 Test EngineThe test engine11,12is an International1994, 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged, V-8, diesel engine,rated at 160 kW at 3000 rpm. The engine model number isA215. The engine arrangement is shown in Figs.A1.2 andA1.3and the lubrica
42、tion system in Fig. A1.4. This engine isequipped with the HEUI fuel system (see 5.1 and Fig. A1.1).Details of the engine are documented in the International T444E Diesel Engine Service Manual for Truck ApplicationForm EGES-121 dated April 2002.13The engine serial numbercarries the designation 7.4JU2
43、UXXXXXX. The test engine isinstalled in a fully instrumented test cell.6.1.1 Engine ModificationInstall a14 in. male nationalpipe thread (NPT) stainless steel hex nipple12,14in the threadedoutlet on the right (passenger) side of the engines high-pressure oil reservoir. Install a14 in. female NPT inl
44、et andoutlet, stainless steel, ball-valve onto the hex nipple with theflow arrow facing away from the reservoir. Install a14 in. maleNPT to male No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 flare stainless steel adapterfitting in the downstream side of the ball valve. Make up apolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined, stainless
45、steel braid, No.4 hose, with female swivel No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 female flarefittings on each end. The overall line length should beapproximately 115 cm. Modify a male No. 4 SAE(JIC) 37flare to14 in. fractional tube female compression adapter fittingso that there is a 0.394 mm orifice through the fitti
46、ng. Insert a37.5 cm long,14 in. thin-wall, steel, fractional tube (this is tobe the sample wand) into the female compression adapter andtighten. For safety, install an insulating handle around the steeltube to avoid being burned while holding the wand.6.2 Power AbsorptionInstall a 186 kW eddy-curren
47、t ab-sorption dynamometer in the test cell.6.3 AerationThe HEUI system takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it in a plunger pump up to 20.7 MPa.The arrangement is shown in Fig. A1.1. The pressurized oiloperates unit injectors that increase the fuel pressure up to 145MPa with the help of in
48、tensifiers (see Fig.A1.5). The electroniccontrols permit varied injection timing and duration to provideoptimum fuel economy and emissions. As shown in Table 1,8Glassey, S. F, Stockner, A. R., and Flinn, M .A., “HEUIA New Direction forDiesel Engine Fuel System,” SAE Publication 930270; Hower, M. J.,
49、 Mueller, R.A.,Oehlerking, D. A., and Zielke, M. R., “The New Navistar T444E Direct-InjectionTurbocharged Diesel Engine,” SAE Publication 930269.9Hereinafter referred to as International, which is the trademark of theInternational Truck and Engine Corporation.10McGeehan et al., “The Worlds First Diesel Engine Oil Category for Use withLow-Sulfur Fuel: API CG-4,” SAE Publication 981371.11The sole source of supply of the engine known to the committee at this timeis Franklin Power Products, 400 North Forsythe St., Franklin, IN 46131.12If you are awa
