1、Designation: D 6759 09Standard Practice forSampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6759; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes sampling devices and proceduresfor collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whoseupper surface c
3、an be accessed by the suitable device. Thesedevices may be used to sample tanks that have an appropriatelysized and located sampling port.1.2 This practice describes and discusses the advantages andlimitations of the following commonly used equipment, someof which can be used for both grab and discr
4、ete depthsampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler,Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler,liquid profiler, lidded sludge/water sampler, peristaltic pump,and the Syringe sampler.1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of thesesamplers.1.4 This practice does not
5、 address sampling devices forcollecting ground water.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
6、f regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmen
7、tal DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD 5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or PondSamplerD 5612 Guide for Quality Planning and Field Implementa-tion of a Water Quality Measurement ProgramD 5681 Terminology for Waste an
8、d Waste ManagementD 5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-uids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Con-tainersD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies
9、 for HeterogeneousWastesD 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-ment of Waste and Contaminated MediaD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Dat
10、a Collection ActivitiesD 6233 Guide for Data Assessment for EnvironmentalWaste Management ActivitiesD 6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection andOptimization of Sampling DesignD 6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Re-lated to Wast
11、e Management ActivitiesD 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With AutomaticSamplersD 6699 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers3. Terminology3.1 discrete depth sample, nsample obtained from adefined level within the liquid being sampled.3.2 grab sample, nindividual sample collected over aperiod
12、 of time usually not exceeding 15 min and in such amanner as to be representative of conditions at the time ofsampling. Grab samples are sometimes called individual ordiscrete samples.3.3 representative sample, nsample collected such that itreflects one or more characteristics of interest (as define
13、d bythe project objectives) of a population from which it wascollected. D 59561This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009.
14、 Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 6759-07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
15、 onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.4 sample, nsee Terminology D 5681.3.5 sludge, nany mixture of solids that settles out ofsolution. Sludges contain liquids that are not apparent as freeliquids (see
16、 Practice D 5743). D 63234. Significance and Use4.1 Sampling at specified depth(s) within a liquid may beneeded to confirm or rule out variations within a targetpopulation. This practice describes the design and operation ofcommercially available grab and discrete depth samplers forpersons responsib
17、le for designing or implementing samplingprograms, or both.4.2 These sampling devices are used for sampling liquids intanks, ponds, impoundments, and other open bodies of water.Some may be used from the edge or bank of the sampling site,whereas some can only be used from a platform, boat, or bridgeo
18、ver the sampling site. Some of the devices described aresuitable for sampling slurries and sludges as well as aqueousand other liquids with few or no suspended solids.4.3 Practice D 5743 provides guidance for sampling drums,tanks, or similar containers.4.4 This practice does not address general guid
19、elines forplanning waste sampling activities (Guide D 4687), develop-ment of data quality objectives (Practice D 5792), the design ofmonitoring systems and determination of the number ofsamples to collect (Practice D 6311), in situ measurement ofparameters of interest, data assessment and statistica
20、l interpre-tation of resultant data (Guide D 6233), sample preservation,sampling and field quality assurance (Guide D 5612), or theselection of sampling locations or obtaining a representativesample (Guide D 6044).5. Pre-Sampling5.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work p
21、lan (Practice D 5283 and Guide D 4687)and in accordance with the Data Quality Objectives (PracticeD 5792). The plan should include a worker health and safetysection because of the potential hazards associated with sam-pling wastes.35.2 All equipment shall be clean, dry, and compatible withthe antici
22、pated composition of the material being sampled(Practice D 5088). When sampling a hazardous material, if theexterior of the sample bottle or sampling apparatus contacts thehazardous material, it needs to be cleaned before subsequentsteps, such as labelling or sample transfer, are taken.5.3 For sampl
23、ers with long handles, if high voltage electri-cal wires could come into contact with the handle, the handleshould be made of nonconductive material, such as wood.5.4 For guidance in obtaining a representative sample, seeGuide D 6044.5.5 For guidance in how to prepare composite samples andsubsamples
24、 in the field, see Guide D 6051.5.6 Some discrete samples can be taken using bailers (seePractice D 6699). Additional information on selecting sam-pling equipment, based on the sample matrix, and the con-straints on the use of equipment, based on the physical andchemical properties of the equipment,
25、 can be found in GuideD 6232.6. Sampling Equipment and Procedures6.1 Dipper:6.1.1 DescriptionA dipper can consist of a variety ofpieces of equipment assembled in a manner to obtain a sample.6.1.1.1 One type has an adjustable clamp attached to the endof a metal rod or tube, which may be extendable (s
26、ee Fig. 1).The rod or tube forms the handle and the clamp is used tosecure it to a beaker or other sample container.6.1.1.2 Another type of device is made using a stainlesssteel tube clamped to a moveable bracket that is attached to arigid handle. The angle of the cup to the handle is adjustable(Pra
27、ctice D 5358).6.1.2 Procedure:6.1.2.1 With the beaker facing downward, lower the dipperbeaker into the liquid slowly until it is submerged. Try to causea minimum of surface disturbance.6.1.2.2 Rotate the beaker through 180. If there is a current,the mouth of the beaker should face upstream during th
28、erotation.6.1.2.3 Allow the beaker to fill.6.1.2.4 Slowly bring it to the surface.6.1.2.5 Transfer the sample, usually by gently pouring thedippers contents into a clean sample container.6.1.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsIt is inexpensive.When attached to a rigid pole, itcan rea
29、ch to4m(1013 ft)away from the personcollecting samples.It can be used to obtain onlysurface samples.Because the sample collection chamberis always open, it cannot obtain asample containing the same strataproportions as the strata at the locationbeing sampled.6.2 Liquid Grab Sampler:6.2.1 Description
30、A liquid grab sampler consists of a rigidhandle with a bottle attached to one end. The bottle is sealed3Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste SiteActivities, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115 (NTIS No. PB87-162855/LL),NIOSH, OSHA, USCG, EPA, October 1985.FIG. 1 DipperD
31、6759092with a plunger that can be opened or closed by moving thecable that is attached to it (see Fig. 2).6.2.2 ProcedureAssemble the liquid grab sampler per themanufacturers instructions.6.2.2.1 When assembled, thread the bottle onto the grabsampler head and tighten by turning the bottle clockwise.
32、6.2.2.2 Submerge the sampler to the desired depth and pullthe split key ring to allow liquid to enter the bottle.6.2.2.3 Release the ring to close the bottle.6.2.2.4 Raise the sampler from the liquid.6.2.2.5 Remove the filled sample bottle and seal it.6.2.2.6 Clean the outside surface of the sample
33、bottle.FIG. 2 Liquid Grab SamplerD67590936.2.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsThe sample jar is availablecommercially in a range of materials,providing the choice of one that ischemically inert to the contaminantsof interest.Handles of various lengths can beused to obtain samples f
34、romdifferent depths.The sample does not need to betransferred to another containerfor shipping.The sampler is not opened untilthe desired sampling depth isreached, that is, it can be usedas a discrete depth sampler(see Practice D 6699).True depth of sample unknown unlessdevice is vertically deployed
35、.Not able to collect stratifiedsamples of proper proportions.Exterior of sample bottle needscleaning after immersion inhazardous waste.6.3 Swing Jar Sampler:6.3.1 DescriptionThis sampling device consists of a polethat screws into a bottle holder (see Fig. 3). The angle of thebottle with respect to t
36、he pole can be varied.6.3.2 Procedure:6.3.2.1 Select the bottle clamp that best fits the desiredsample bottle.6.3.2.2 Connect the pole to the bottle holder and turn itclockwise until snug.6.3.2.3 Slide the clamp onto the bottle to a point midwaybetween the bottle shoulder and heel.6.3.2.4 Tighten th
37、e screw located in the inner pole screwthreads of the bottle holder.6.3.2.5 Lower the sampler into the liquid slowly with thebottle facing downward until it is submerged to cause minimalsurface disturbance.6.3.2.6 Rotate the bottle through 180.NOTE 1If there is a current, the mouth of the bottle sho
38、uld faceupstream during the rotation.6.3.2.7 Allow the bottle to fill and slowly bring it to thesurface.6.3.2.8 Loosen the screw holding the bottle to the device.6.3.2.9 Remove the bottle from the holder.6.3.2.10 For transport to the laboratory, either seal the bottleand clean the exterior or transf
39、er the bottles contents into aclean sample container.6.3.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsThe sampler can accommodatedifferent sample bottle sizesup to 960 mL.It allows collection from variousangles, including vertical.Not suitable for discrete depth sampling.Exterior of sample bot
40、tle needscleaning after immersion inhazardous waste.6.4 Bacon Bomb:6.4.1 DescriptionThe Bacon Bomb sampler consists of asealed hollow tube or chamber. It is attached to a primarycable/line, with length markings and an actuator rod (labeledSecondary Activation in Fig. 4) connected to a second line,wh
41、ich opens and closes the chambers valves.6.4.2 Procedure:6.4.2.1 Measure and mark the support line or cable with thedesired length or depth.6.4.2.2 Close the chamber.6.4.2.3 Lower the Bacon Bomb sampler using the primarysupport line or cable to the desired depth, as marked on thesupport line. The se
42、cond line must remain slack during thelowering procedure to avoid accidentally opening the sampler.Secure the line.6.4.2.4 Open the chamber by pulling on the actuator rodline, thereby allowing the sampler to fill.6.4.2.5 When the chamber is full, release the second line toclose the sampler.6.4.2.6 R
43、eturn the sampler to the surface by raising theprimary support line.6.4.2.7 Transfer the contents of the Bacon Bomb sampler toa clean dry sample container. Hold the Bacon Bomb samplerover the sample container. Open the lower stopper by raisingthe actuator rod. Drain the contents into a clean samplec
44、ontainer(s).FIG. 3 Swing Jar SamplerD67590946.4.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsSampler is closed to the materialbeing sampled until it has reachedits intended depth, that is, it canbe used as a discrete depthsampler.It is available in 118-mL to1000-mL volumes in platedbrass, stai
45、nless steel,acrylic and PTFE.The stainless steel unit iseffective for use in highviscosity non aqueousliquids, for example, oil.The lowering and activation linestend to cross each other duringdescent, which could allowsample collection to occurat the wrong depth.The commercially available stainlesss
46、teel unit has a maximumcapacity of 500 mL.PTFE device is expensiverelative to stainless steel.Not effective in turbid samplemedia, according to themanufacturer.Slight leakage into the interiormay occur with the stainlesssteel unit during descent,according to the manufacturerWith viscous material, an
47、 excessof the material being sampledmay adhere to the outside ofthe Bacon Bomb sampler.6.5 Syringe Sampler:6.5.1 DescriptionThe Syringe sampler is a hollow tubetype sampler with a bottom fill valve. A Syringe samplernormally consists of a piston assembly with a T-handle, safetylocking nut, and contr
48、ol rod (PTFE-covered aluminum tofacilitate operation of the piston), a piston body assembly, asampling tube assembly, and a standard bottom valve or coringbottom (see Fig. 5).6.5.2 Procedure:6.5.2.1 Open the bottom valve.6.5.2.2 Slowly lower the assembled sampler to the desireddepth.6.5.2.3 Raise th
49、e T-handle, drawing the sample into thesampler body.6.5.2.4 Close the bottom valve by pressing the samplerdown against the side or bottom of the container beingsampled.6.5.2.5 Raise the sampler to the surface using the supportline.6.5.2.6 Transfer the contents to a clean dry sample con-tainer. Hold the Syringe sampler over the sample container.Open the bottom valve and push down on the T-handle toextrude the sample into a clean sample container.6.5.3 Advantages and Limitations:FIG. 4 Bacon BombD6759095Advantages LimitationsIt can be used to sample highlyviscous li
