1、Designation: D6629 01 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Guide forSelection of Methods for Estimating Soil Loss by Erosion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6629; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTE6.1.1 was editorially revised in May 2012.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods used for estimating soillosses due to r
3、ill and interrill erosion. All known methods forwater erosion with a sediment yield component are listed. Thisguide provides complete reference citations for the variousmethods currently used to estimate soil loss by rill and interrillerosion. The referenced methods contain the rationale anddetailed
4、 procedures for determining rill and interrill soil loss.For each method listed, specific applicability, limitations, andlevel of complexity are briefly outlined in terms of the relativespatial scale, land use, hydrology, erosion, time scale, inputrequirements, and output.1.2 The referenced methods
5、were developed for specificuses and may not be applicable in all cases. For example, someof the values derived by these methods estimate the amount ofsoil movement on a field without re-deposition while othersaccount for re-deposition and estimate off-field sediment yield.Most of these methods are n
6、ot intended to predict sedimentyield.1.3 Metric (SI) Units. Some of the methods in this guide arewritten in the preferred English units. A discussion of theconversion of the final answer to metric units is included inparagraph 6.2.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a seri
7、es of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This guide cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable inall circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the s
8、tandard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessional service must be judged, nor should this guide beapplied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not p
9、urport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
10、2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3. Terminology3.1 While most of the terms used in this guide conform toTerminology D653, some are unique to this guide. These termsrelate to soil erosion and are used frequently in the methodsoutlined in this guide.NOTE 1The Natural Resour
11、ces Conservation Service was formerlythe Soil Conservation Service.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 agronomythe science of field crop production andsoil management.3.2.2 denudationthe sum of the processes that result in thewearing away or the progressive lowering of the earths surfaceby weathering, mass wastin
12、g, or transportation; also thecombined destructive effects of such processes.3.2.3 erodibilitythe degree to which a soil is susceptible toerode. Some soils erode more readily than others due to the soilproperties.3.2.4 erosionthe wearing away of soil and rock byweathering, mass wasting, and the acti
13、on of streams, glaciers,waves, wind, and underground water.3.2.5 fallowallowing cropland to lie idle, either tilled oruntilled, during the whole or greater portion of the growingseason.3.2.6 fertility (soil)the quality of a soil that enables it toprovide nutrients in adequate amounts and in proper b
14、alance1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Medium forPlant Growth.Current edition approved May 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2
15、007 as D6629 01(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D6629-01R12E1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright AS
16、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1for the growth of specified plants when other growth factors,such as light, moisture, temperature, and the physical conditionof the soil are favorable.3.2.7 mulcha natural or artificial layer of sui
17、table materi-als that aid in soil stabilization and soil moisture conservation,thus providing micro-climatic conditions suitable for germina-tion and growth.3.2.8 pasturean area devoted to the production of forage,introduced or native, and harvested by grazing.3.2.9 rilla small, intermittent water c
18、ourse with steepsides, usually only a few inches deep and, therefore, noobstacle to tillage operations.3.2.10 seedbedthe soil prepared by natural or artificialmeans to promote the germination of seed and the growth ofseedlings.3.2.11 soil lossfor the purpose of this guide, soil lossrefers to the mov
19、ement of soil particles from their pre-erosionlocation.3.2.12 tillagethe operation of implements through the soilto prepare seedbeds and rootbeds, control weeds and brush,aerate the soil, and enhance breakdown of organic matter andminerals to release plant foods.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide pro
20、vides guidance in selecting methods forestimating soil loss by rill and interrill erosion and in predictingthe effects of various soil management practices on soil loss.5. Significance and Use5.1 A variety of methods exist for this measurement. Eachmethod has its specific applicability, limitations,
21、 and levels ofcomplexity. The users of this guide should use the descriptionsof the various methods to choose the procedure, which mostclosely meets their needs. Most of these methods are notintended to predict sediment yield (6).5.2 These methods are used to estimate the soil loss (in massof soil/u
22、nit area/unit time) from rainfall and snow melt forsite-specific factors due to rill and interrill erosion. Thesemethods can not be used to estimate soil loss from ephemeralgully or channel erosion.5.3 The estimates resulting from the methods in this guidedo not constitute a design for control of er
23、osion. However, theoutputs of these methods may be important input into such adesign.6. Procedure6.1 The following references provide detailed informationand procedures as follows:6.1.1 Agricultural Non-Points Source (AGNPS)Reference: Young, R.A., C.V. Alonso, and R.M. Summer, Modelinglinked watersh
24、ed and lake processes for water quality manage-ment decisions, Journal of Environmental Quality, July/September 1990, Volume 19 (3), p. 421-427. Young, R.A., C.A. Onstad, D.D. Bosch, and W.P.Anderson, AGNPS: a nonpoint source pollution model forevaluating agricultural watersheds, Journal of Soil and
25、 WaterConservation, May/April 1989, Volume 44(2), p. 168-173.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedsLand Use: RuralHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Modified USLETime Scale: Single-eventInput Requirements: Land Use, Soils, Topography, USLEparameters by grid cell, Storm rainfall intensity and durati
26、onOutput: Storm runoff volume and peak flow, Sediment,Nutrient and COD concentrationApplicability: May be used to evaluate sediment deliveryratios from cells.6.1.2 Army Sedimentation Model (ARMSED) Reference: Riggins, R.E., T.J. Ward, and W Hodge, ARMSED, arunoff and sediment yield model for army tr
27、aining landwatershed management, ADP Report N-89/12, 1989, US ArmyCorps of Engineers, Construction Engineering ResearchLaboratory, Champaign IL. Rice, T.L. and D.B. Simons, Sediment deposition modelfor reservoirs based on the dominant physical processes,Canadian Water Resource Journal, 1982, Volume
28、7 (2), p.45-62.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedsLand Use: RuralHydrology: Water Balance, Kinematic Wave RoutingErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Single-eventInput Requirements: Land use, Soils, Topography, Detach-ment coefficientsOutput: Storm runoff hydrographs and sediment graphsApplic
29、ability: Limited application, which also requires localcalibration.6.1.3 Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Re-sponse Simulation (ANSWERS)Reference: Beasley, D.B. and L.F. Huggins, Areal Nonpoint SourceWatershed Environment Response Simulation Users Manual,USEPA, Region V, Great Lakes Natio
30、nal Program Office,DNAL TD 423.B39, 1981, 54 p. Griffin, M.L., D.B. Beasley, J.J. Fletcher, and G.R. Foster,Estimating soil loss on topographically nonuniform field andfarm units, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, July/August 1988, Volume 43 (4), p. 326-331.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium Watershe
31、dLand Use: RuralHydrology: Distributed Storage ModelErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Single-eventInput Requirements: Land use, Soils, Rainfall, and Topog-raphyOutput: Storm runoff volume and peak flow, and sedimentApplicability: May be used to evaluate sediment deliveryratios from cells.6.1.
32、4 Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from AgriculturalManagement Systems (CREAMS)Reference:D6629 01 (2012)12 Knisel, W.G., G.R. Forster, and R.A. Leonard, Chemicals,Runoff, and Erosion fromAgricultural Management Systems: asystem for evaluating best management practices, Agriculturalmanagement and water
33、 quality, Iowa Press, 1983, p. 178-199. Knisel, W.G. and G.R. Foster, CREAMS, Chemicals,runoff and erosion from agricultural management systems: asystem for evaluating best management practices mathematicalmodels, pollution, Economics, ethics, ecology:roots of produc-tive conservation based on mater
34、ial presented at the 35thannual meeting of the Soil Conservation Society of America,4-6 August 1980, Dearborn, Michigan, 1981, p. 177-194.Spatial Scale: Field ScaleLand Use: RuralHydrology: Water BalanceErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Continuous (daily time stop)Input Requirements: Land use
35、, Soils, Rainfall, Topography,and Detailed land management practicesOutput: Daily runoff, Sediment, Nutrients and PesticidesApplicability: May be used to determine soil losses from afield site.6.1.5 Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Man-agement Systems (GLEAMS)Reference: Reyes, M.R., R.L.
36、Bengtson, J.L. Fouss, and C.E. Carter,Comparison of erosion predictions with GLEAMS, GLEAMS-WT, and GLEAMS-SWAT models for alluvial soils, Transcriptfor American Society for Agricultural Engineers, 1958-, May/June 1995, Volume 38 (3), p. 791-796. Reyes, M.R., R.L. Bengston, J.L. Fouss, and J.S. Roge
37、rs,GLEAMS hydrology submodel modified for shallow watertable conditions, Transcript for American Society for Agricul-tural Engineers, 1958-, November/December 1993, Volume 36(6), p. 1771-1778Spatial Scale: Field ScaleLand Use: RuralHydrology: Water BalanceErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: Con
38、tinuous (daily time stop)Input Requirements: Land use, Soils, Rainfall, Topography,and Detailed land management practicesOutput: Daily runoff, Sediment, Nutrients and PesticidesApplicability: May be used to determine soil losses from afield site.6.1.6 Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF)Refe
39、rence: Donigian, A.S., J.C. Imhoff, and B.R. Bicknell, Predictingwater quality resulting from agricultural nonpoint sourcepollution via simulation-HSPF, Agricultural management andwater quality, Iowa Press, 1983, p. 200-249. Johanson, R.C., A new mathematical modeling systemHydrologic Simulation Pro
40、gram-Fortran, Transcript of theAmerican Chemical Society Symposium, Washington: 1983(225), p. 125-147.Spatial Scale: Large Watershed, River BasinsLand Use: MixedHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Detachment EquationsTime Scale: ContinuousInput Requirements: Land use, Topography, Meteorologicand hyd
41、rologic data, and Land management practicesOutput: Time series of runoff, Sediment, Nutrient, andPesticidesApplicability: Limited application, which may require localcalibration.6.1.7 Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF)Reference: Haith, D.A. and E.M. Laden, Screening of groundwatercontamin
42、ants by travel time distributions, Journal of Environ-mental Engineering, June 1989, Volume 115 (3), p.497-512. Haith, D.A., Generalized watershed loading functions forstream flow nutrients, water Resource Bulletin, June 1987,Volume 23 (3), p. 471-478.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: M
43、ixedHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Modified USLETime Scale: Continuous (daily time stops)Input Requirements: Daily Meteorologic and hydrologicdata, Land use, Soil parameters, and Nutrient loadingOutput: Monthly and annual time series of runoff, sedimentand nutrientsApplicability: May require so
44、me local calibration for moreaccurate data.6.1.8 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)Reference: Edwards, D.R., Analyzing uncertainty in predicted eventerosion from small rangeland watersheds, Transcript of theAmerican Society of Agricultural Engineers, July/Aug 1990,Volume 33 (4), p. 1141-1
45、146. Johnson, C.W., N.D. Gordon, and C.L. Hanson, Rangelandsediment yields with snowmelt by the MUSLE, Paper -American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1984, (fiche no.84-2041).Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: RuralHydrology: Uses estimates of volume runoff and peak flowrateErosion:
46、USLETime Scale: ContinuousInput Requirements: USLE parameters, Runoff and PeakdischargeOutput: Basin sediment yieldApplicability: May be used with a rainfall runoff model toobtain sediment yields.6.1.9 Soil Loss (SLOSS)Reference: Baumhardt, L., A. Trent, and J.C. Hayes, SLOSS, aninteractive model fo
47、r microcomputers, Bulletin of the Missis-sippi Agricultural Forestry Experiment Station, June 1985, 12p.Spatial Scale: Up to Medium WatershedLand Use: RuralHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: USLETime Scale: AnnualD6629 01 (2012)13Input Requirements: USLE parameters, Channel parameters,GIS dataOutpu
48、t: Mean annual sediment loadsApplicability: Interaction is cumbersome.6.1.10 Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins(SWRRB)Reference: Arnold, J.G., Simulation of complex hydrologic basins,Proceedings of the 1989 Summer Computer SimulationConference, July 24-27 1989, Austin, Texas, p. 682-687.
49、Arnold, J.G., P.M. Allen, and G. Bernhardt, Journal ofHydrology, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, February 1993, Vol-ume 142 (1/4), p. 47-69.Spatial Scale: Medium to Large WatershedsLand Use: MixedHydrology: SCS Curve NumberErosion: Modified USLETime Scale: Continuous (daily time stop), single-eventInput Requirements: Meteorologic, and hydrologic data,Land use, Soils, and Detailed land management practices.Output: Daily runoff, Sediment, Nutrients, and PesticidesApplicability: May be used to evaluate both the sedimentand pollutant load from s
