1、Designation: D6186 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forOxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Oils by PressureDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of oxidationinduction time o
3、f lubricating oils subjected to oxygen at 3.5MPa (500 psig) and temperatures between 130 and 210C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionPressure measurement appears in MPawith psig provided in parent
4、heses for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
5、rior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 extrapolated onset time, na time determined on athermal curve, as the intersection of the extrapolated baselineand a line tangent to the oxidation exotherm constructed at itsmaximum rate.2.1.2 oxidation induction time
6、, (OIT), n a period of timeduring which the oxidation rate accelerates from zero to amaximum and which corresponds to the extrapolated onsettime.2.1.3 thermal curve, na graph of sample heat flow versustime.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A small quantity of oil is weighed into a sample pan andplaced in
7、 a test cell. The cell is heated to a specifiedtemperature and then pressurized with oxygen. The cell is heldat a regulated temperature and pressure until an exothermicreaction occurs. The extrapolated onset time is measured andreported as the oxidation induction time for the lubricating oilat the s
8、pecified test temperature.4. Significance and Use4.1 Oxidation induction time, as determined under theconditions of this test method, may be used as an indication ofoxidation stability.2This test method is faster than other oiloxidation tests and requires a very small amount of sample. Itmay be used
9、 for research and development, quality control, andspecification purposes. However, no correlation has beenestablished between the results of this test method and serviceperformance.5. Apparatus5.1 Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (PDSC),equipped with the following items:5.1.1 Sample Enclo
10、sure, with capability to 3.5 6 0.2 MPa(500 6 25 psig) at 210C and pressure gauge graduated atintervals of 200 KPa (28.6 psig) or less.5.1.2 Thermal Analyzer.5.1.3 Aluminum Solid Fat Index (SFI) Sample PanSeeNote 1.5.1.4 Oxidation Stability Software.5.1.5 Calibration Software.5.1.6 Calibrated Flowmet
11、er, with a capacity of at least 200mL/min and graduated in intervals of 5 mL or less.5.1.7 Sample Encapsulation Press.NOTE 1It has been found that when oil samples are prepared with SFIpans which have more consistent surface areas than standard flat bottompans, reproducibility is improved.NOTE 2Stai
12、nless steel or copper tubing is compatible with oxygen.NOTE 3See Fig. 1 for a diagram of a typical test unit.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Oxygen, a minimum purity of 99.5 % oxygen by vol-ume. (WarningOxidizer. Gas under pressure. )6.2 Indium, of not less than 99.9 % indium by mass.1This test method
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.09.0D on Oxidation of Lubricants.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition ap
14、proved in 2008 as D6186 08. DOI:10.1520/D6186-08R13.2Rhee, In-Sik, “Development of New Oxidation Stability Test Method forLubricating Oils Using a Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (PDSC),”NLGI Spokesman, Vol 65, No. 3, June 2001, pp. 1623.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
15、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17. Calibration7.1 Sample Temperature Calibration:7.1.1 Weigh approximately 10 mg of indium into an alumi-num sample pan, insert a lid and crimp the lid to the pan usingthe encapsulation press. Place the crimped pan onto the sampleplatfor
16、m in the pressure cell. Seal an empty pan in the samemanner and place it on the reference platform. Set the cellcover in place and close the cell.7.1.2 Open the oxygen cylinder valve slightly and set apressure of 3.5 6 0.2 MPa (500 6 25 psig) on the cell inlet linewith the pressure regulator. Partia
17、lly open the inlet valve on thecell and allow the pressure to slowly build up in the cell. Thisrequires approximately 2 min. Using the outlet valve, adjustand maintain the oxygen purge rate through the flowmeter at100 6 10 mL/min.7.1.3 Set the thermal analyzer to heat from ambient tem-perature (appr
18、oximately 22C) to 180C at a programmed rateof 10C/min. After completion of the run measure the meltingtemperature of the indium. If the melting temperature differsfrom 157.4 6 0.2C (see Note 4) correct the difference byusing either the hardware or software calibration proceduredescribed in the manuf
19、acturers instruction manual. If thehardware calibration procedure is used, perform the tempera-ture correction under 3.5 MPa (500 psig) oxygen pressure witha 100 mL/min purge rate. A typical melting calibration curve isshown in Fig. 2.NOTE 4The melting temperature of indium is 156.6C at atmosphericp
20、ressure, but has been found to be elevated to 157.4C under theconditions of this test method, 3.5 MPa (500 psig) of oxygen.7.2 Temperature Controller Calibration:7.2.1 Remove both the sample pan and the reference panfrom the cell, then close the cell. Slowly pressurize the cellwith 3.5 6 0.2 MPa (50
21、0 6 25 psig) oxygen and adjust thepurge rate to 100 6 10 mL/min using the cell outlet valve.Select the desired test temperature (either 210, 180, 155, or130C).7.2.2 Program the cell to maintain the selected test tempera-ture. If, after 10 min, the displayed cell temperature differs bymore than 6 0.2
22、C from the selected temperature, slowlyadjust the temperature controller until they agree.After makingan adjustment, wait at least 5 min to make certain that thetemperature is stable before continuing. If the PDSC equip-ment does not have this function, the control calibration shallbe followed accor
23、ding to the equipment manufacturers rec-ommendations.7.3 Cell Base Pressure Gauge CalibrationConduct thecalibration using a calibrated pressure transducer or a previ-ously calibrated gauge according to the pressure cell manufac-turers instructions.8. Procedure8.1 Before starting a test, the control
24、thermocouple calibra-tion shall be conducted at the test temperature (either 210, 180,155, or 130C) according to 7.2.1 and 7.2.2. When the testtemperature is not known, conduct the calibration at 210C.8.2 Weigh 3.0 6 0.2 mg of oil into a new sample pan.Spread the sample evenly upon the flat portion.
25、 Do not spillany of the sample into the trough portion of the pan. A flatbottom pan can be used if the sample is placed upon a 0.5 cmdiameter circle in the center of the pan.8.3 Place the uncovered pan containing the sample onto theplatform of the cell according to the PDSC manufacturersinstructions
26、 for placing the sample pan. Place a new empty panof the same configuration onto the cell platform according tothe PDSC manufacturers instructions for placing the referencepan. Close the cell and the pressure release valve.8.4 Beginning at ambient temperature (approximately22C), program the sample t
27、emperature to increase at a rate of100C/min to the test temperature.8.5 Allow the sample to equilibrate at the test temperaturefor 2 min.8.6 Open the oxygen valve and slowly pressurize the cell to3.5 6 0.2 MPa (500 6 25 psig). This requires approximately2 min to reach maximum pressure. Measure the o
28、xidationinduction time from the time when the oxygen valve is opened.8.7 As soon as the pressure has equilibrated, check the cellpurge rate and adjust and maintain at 100 6 10 mL/min withthe outlet valve.FIG. 1 PDSC Test UnitFIG. 2 Calibration Curve for PDSCD6186 08 (2013)28.8 After a duration of 12
29、0 min from the time when theoxygen valve was opened, close the oxygen valve and slowlyrelease the cell pressure by opening the cell pressure releasevalve. In the case of a sample for which the approximateoxidation induction time is known, the test can be stopped afterthe oxidation exotherm has occur
30、red.8.9 Plot the thermal curve and measure the extrapolatedonset time for the oxidation exotherm. Report this time, to thenearest 1 min, as the oxidation induction time for the sample.If more than one oxidation exotherm is observed, report theoxidation induction time for the largest exotherm.NOTE 5A
31、 typical thermal curve is shown in Fig. 3.8.10 If the induction time is less than 10 min, rerun the testat the next lower temperature, starting at 8.2. Allow the cell tocool to ambient temperature before running the test at the nextlower temperature.9. Report9.1 Report, to the nearest minute, the ox
32、idation inductiontime (OIT) for the sample.9.2 Report the test temperature.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method wasdetermined in accordance with currently accepted guidelines inCommittee D02s “Manual on Determining Precision Data forASTM Methods on Petroleum Products
33、 and Lubricants.” Eightlaboratories evaluated thirteen samples at four different testtemperatures (130, 155, 180, and 210C) in the round robin andreported oxidation induction times ranged from 10 to 119 min.Appendix X2 lists round robin data and PDSC equipment usedby cooperators.10.1.1 Repeatability
34、The difference between successivetest results, obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial, would in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test method, exceed the following values onlyone case in twenty:r 5 0.17
35、 m (1)wherem = average of the two test results.10.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material, would inthe long run, in normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed
36、 the following values only one case in twenty:R 5 0.35 m (2)where:m = average of the two test results.10.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of oxidation induction time can be definedonly in terms of a test method.11. Keywords11.1 differential scanning calorimetry; l
37、ubricating oil; OIT;onset temperature; oxidation; oxidation coefficient; oxidationinduction time; PDSC; thermal analysisFIG. 3 A Typical Thermal Curve From PDSC TestD6186 08 (2013)3APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CALCULATION OF INDUCTION TIMESX1.1 The following kinetic equation can be used t
38、o predictinduction times of lubricating oils at various test temperatures:t 5 4.6/ko! 3 eE/RT(X1.1)where:t = calculated oxidation induction time, min,E = activation energy, J/mol,ko= frequency factor,R = universal gas constant, 8.314 J/mol K, andT = temperature, K (for desired temperature).X1.1.1 Ac
39、tivation energy, E, can be calculated using thefollowing equation:E 5 R T1T2/T12 T2! 3 lnt1/t2! (X1.2)X1.1.2 Eq X1.2 requires two induction times (t1,t2) fromtwo different test temperatures (T1,T2).X1.1.3 Calculate kofrom the following equation:ko5 4.6/t! 3 eE/RT(X1.3)X2. PDSC ROUND ROBIN DATATABLE
40、X2.1 Round Robin Cooperators and PDSC InstrumentsLAB Instrument Sample pan1 TA 2200 and 961 SFI2 TA 2100 and 961 SFI3 TA 2100 and 961 SFI4 TA 961 SFI5 TA 912 (dural sample cell) SFI6 Mettler DSC 27HP Mettler sample pan7 Mettler DSC Mettler sample pan8 thermal science thermal science panTABLE X2.2 PD
41、SC Round Robin DataLAB D-11 D-12 D-13 D-14 D-15 D-16 D-17 D-18 D-19 D-20 D-21 D-22 D-231 42.6 52.7 44.3 86.6 77.9 36.7 26.8 15.8 20.5 118 85.1 29.7 33.940.8 46.9 45.7 77.5 85.1 38.6 26.3 15.4 19.6 116 79.9 29.1 35.62 42.2 65.0 51.5 92.1 56.9 37.8 27.0 14.1 10.2 111 88.8 27.2 28.241.5 60.5 53.9 87.6
42、60.2 41.4 25.3 16.6 10.1 116 94.7 26.1 30.33 37.4 48.7 39.0 105 90.7 39.8 26.5 16.8 18.9 112 79.0 24.1 32.640.1 52.0 41.0 102 86.2 41.6 26.3 16.7 17.5 109 79.9 21.6 28.04 44.0 55.8 47.4 97.4 69.6 38.7 23.6 17.9 15.2 109 75.6 26.8 34.343.4 45.7 46.0 88.8 67.9 34.0 22.5 13.9 13.2 105 68.1 28.8 34.25 3
43、7.0 53.0 41.6 84.6 63.8 38.9 30.1 14.0 14.6 95.8 79.2 26.9 26.136.1 52.2 39.4 85.3 62.9 40.0 31.3 15.6 13.6 96.9 79.0 28.4 26.26 38.8 47.0 39.3 122 57.9 23.3 31.4 18.1 17.9 100 103 32.7 37.238.6 51.8 39.4 121 56.6 27.7 33.6 16.8 17.4 102 103 30.1 38.87 41.7 55.9 42.1 92.3 76.7 30.3 28.7 19.8 13.8 11
44、7 94.6 25.0 31.641.4 59.5 41.9 97.7 81.9 34.8 22.2 16.6 13.6 116 93.5 20.1 33.08 38.4 52.4 46.5 81.5 47.5 33.9 26.1 14.5 18.2 118 83.9 25.6 25.837.8 47.4 44.1 77.2 49.9 35.8 26.5 16.6 20.2 119 79.4 26.0 26.9TestTemperature, C180 130 180 180 180 180 210 210 180 210 155 155 210D6186 08 (2013)4ASTM Int
45、ernational takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirel
46、y their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand sh
47、ould be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on St
48、andards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 61
49、0-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE X2.3 Round Robin SamplesSample Type of Oil DescriptionD-11 engine oil mineral oilD-12 vegetable based hydraulic fluid rapeseed oilD-13 heavy duty diesel oil mineral oilD-14 hydraulic fluid with Zn mineral oilD-15 hydraulic fluid without Zn mineral oilD-16 turbine oil mineral oilD-17 gear oil mineral oilD-18 en
