1、Designation: D6088 06 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forInstallation of Geocomposite Pavement Drains1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers recommendations and identifiespertinent areas of consideration for the installation of buriedgeocomposit
3、e drains used for highway edgedrains, under-drains, or other pavement drainage applications meeting therequirements of Specification D7001. These recommendationsare intended as guidelines for developing a satisfactory con-struction and installation method to minimize installation-caused deformation
4、or damage and to provide long-termperformance of these products. It is also intended as a guidelinefor ensuring a stable underground environment for thesematerials under a wide range of service conditions. Because ofthe numerous and diverse product designs available and theinherent variability of na
5、tural ground conditions, achievingsatisfactory performance of any one product may requirereview by the engineer and modification to provisions con-tained herein to meet specific project requirements.1.2 The scope of this practice necessarily excludes productperformance criteria such as compressibili
6、ty in any plane, flowcapacity, inlet capacity, or geotextile selection and use. It is,therefore, incumbent upon the product manufacturer, specifier,and project engineer to verify that the product specified for anintended application, when installed according to proceduresoutlined in this practice, w
7、ill provide satisfactory long termperformance according to criteria established by the owner forthat application. A commentary of product performance andinstallation factors important in achieving a satisfactory instal-lation is included in Appendix X1.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be reg
8、arded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
9、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Designand Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D653 Terminology Relat
10、ing to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplas-tic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow ApplicationsD2487 Practice for Classific
11、ation of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D3839 Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD7001
12、 Specification for Geocomposites for Pavement EdgeDrains and Other High-Flow ApplicationsF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions used in this practice are in accordance withTerminologies F412, D8, and D653 unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Defi
13、nitions:3.2.1 aggregatea granular material of mineral composi-tion such as sand, gravel, shell, slag or crushed stone (seeTerminology D8).3.2.2 dense-graded aggregatean aggregate that has aparticle size distribution such that, when it is compacted, theresulting voids between the aggregate particles,
14、 expressed as apercentage of the total space occupied by the material, arerelatively small.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltrationCurrent edition approved June 1, 2016. Publ
15、ished June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6088 06(2011).DOI: 10.1520/D6088-06R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 engineerthe individual in resp
17、onsible charge of thework or his duly recognized or authorized representative.3.2.4 geocomposite, na product fabricated from any com-bination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or othersynthetics which is used in a geotechnical application.3.2.5 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured
18、 frompolymeric material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, orany other geotechnical engineering related material as anintegral part of a man-made project, structure or system. (SeeTerminology D4439.)3.2.6 geotextile, nany permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles. (See Terminology D44
19、39.)3.2.7 manufactured aggregatesaggregates such as slagthat are products or byproducts of a manufacturing process, ornatural aggregates that are reduced to their final form by amanufacturing process such as crushing.3.3 open-graded aggregatean aggregate that has a particlesize distribution such tha
20、t, when it is compacted, the voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage ofthe total space occupied by the material, remain relativelylarge.3.4 optimum moisture contentThe moisture content of soilat which its maximum density is obtained (see Test MethodsD698).3.5 permeability, nt
21、he rate of flow of a liquid under adifferential pressure through a material.3.6 permeability, nof geotextiles, hydraulic conductivity.3.7 permittivity, (), (T1), ngeotextiles, the volumetricflow rate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit headunder laminar flow conditions, in the normal dir
22、ection througha geotextile. (See Terminology D4439.)3.8 processed aggregatesaggregates that are screened,washed, mixed, or blended to produce a specific particle sizedistribution.3.9 standard proctor densitythe maximum dry unit weightof soil compacted at optimum moisture content, as obtained bylabor
23、atory test in accordance with Test Methods D698.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice outlines the key installation criteria thatshould be addressed for proper installation and maximumperformance of geocomposite edge or underdrain materials, orboth. The engineer should review the specifics of the
24、system.Geocomposite drainage materials in this practice are productsmeeting Specification D7001. Trench excavation, the depth ofdrain placement, type of backfill, backfill placement, compac-tion of backfill, product fittings and equipment used duringinstallation are addressed in this practice.5. Sig
25、nificance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to provide installation guidancefor designers, specifiers, installation contractors, regulatoryagencies, owners, and inspectors who are involved in theplanning and installation of geocomposite pavement edge-drains and underdrains. As with any standard p
26、ractice, modi-fication may be required for specific project conditions or forspecial local or regional conditions. Fig. 1 shows the properhorizontal alignment of the drain based on various trenchconditions outlined in 9.2, and the vertical depth of placementof the drain needed for a geocomposite edg
27、e drain to functionmost effectively as both a collector and conduit.5.2 Fig. 2 shows the typical type and arrangement ofequipment used to install geocomposite highway edgedrains.The combination of these recommended installationconditions, techniques, and equipment are critical to thesatisfactory lon
28、g term performance of these products.6. Inspection, Handling, and Storage6.1 InspectionUpon receipt, inspect each shipment ofpipe, geocomposite, and fittings for conformance to productspecifications and contract documents, and check for damage.The engineer should reject damaged, deformed, crushed, o
29、rnonconforming material and remove from the project.6.2 Handling and StorageHandle and store the material insuch a way as to prevent damage. Protect all geotextilematerials from sunlight exposure until immediately beforeinstallation.7. Backfill Materials7.1 Backfill material selection and placement
30、methodshould be based primarily on achieving adequate compactionwithout damaging the drainage panel, while also achievingintimate contact with the trench wall or backfill material, orboth. Excessive compaction efforts may damage geocompositedrainage materials and should be avoided. Skid vibratorycom
31、pactors that are used in the trench adjacent to the panel,can damage the panel if not properly aligned and operated.Free flowing materials, such as pea size crushed stone and dryor moist sand is suitable in most cases and should be placed in150 mm (6 in.) lifts. Placement of sand backfill can be don
32、e byflushing or puddling, but this should be used only whenapproved by the engineer. Post-installation settlement in thebackfill will occur if the backfill is not properly densified.Significant settlement can cause shoulder drop-off settlementand other pavement distress problems and structure damage
33、 tothe panels. Permeability of the backfill material must also beconsidered; open-graded backfills will promote higher groundwater flow to the drainage system, will provide a larger sink forcollecting water, and will also provide additional flow areaduring maximum rainfall events. Soil migration fro
34、m adjacentsoils (trench walls) must be considered when using opengraded backfills.7.2 ClassificationMaterials for potential use as embed-ment and backfill of various components of subsurface drain-age systems are classified in Fig. 3. They include natural,manufactured, and processed aggregates and t
35、he soil typesclassified according to Classification D2487. Processed mate-rials produced for highway construction (including coarseaggregate, base, subbase, and surface course materials) whenused for embedment and backfill, should be classified inaccordance with this section and Fig. 3 according to
36、particlesize, shape, and gradation.7.3 Installation and UseFig. 4 provides recommendationson installation and use based on class of soil or aggregates.D6088 06 (2016)27.3.1 Use of Class III Soils and AggregatesThese mate-rials may be used as recommended in Fig. 4, provided thepermeability of the mat
37、erial is adequate and approved by theengineer.7.3.2 Use of Class IVA, Class IVB and Class V Soils andFrozen MaterialsThese materials are not recommended forbackfill and shall be excluded from the final backfill exceptwhere approved by the engineer.7.4 Description of Backfill MaterialSections 7.4.1th
38、rough 7.4.5 describe characteristics of materials recom-mended for backfill. Consideration must be given to thepotential for migration of fines from adjacent materials into thebackfill (see appendix).7.4.1 Class IA MaterialsClass IA materials provide maxi-mum stability and support for a given densit
39、y due to angularinterlock of particles. With minimum effort, these materials canbe installed in relatively high densities over a wide range ofmoisture contents. The high permeability of Class IA materialscan aid in the performance of these drainage systems.However, careful consideration must be give
40、n to the potentialfor migration of fines from adjacent materials into the open-graded Class IA materials.7.4.2 Class IB MaterialsClass IB materials are processedby mixing Class IA and natural or processed sands to producea particle size distribution that minimizes migration fromadjacent materials th
41、at contain fines. They are more denselygraded than Class IA materials and thus require more compac-tive effort to achieve the minimum density specified. Whenproperly compacted, Class IB materials offer high stiffness andstrength. Class IB materials may be relatively free draining, butthe amount and
42、gradation of fines must be controlled.7.4.3 Class II MaterialsClass II materials provide arelatively high level of structural support. Open graded groupsmay allow migration and gradations shall be checked forcompatibility with adjacent material. Typically, Class II mate-rials consist of rounded part
43、icles and are less stable thanangular materials unless they are confined and compacted.7.4.4 Class III MaterialsClass III materials provide lesssupport for a given density than Class I or Class II materials.Higher levels of compactive effort may be required unlessmoisture content is carefully contro
44、lled. These materials pro-vide satisfactory levels of structural support once properdensity is achieved. Fines content should be minimized foroptimum permeability.FIG. 1 Typical Type and Arrangement of DrainD6088 06 (2016)3NOTE1Drainpositioninggateshouldbelocatedandadjustedtoposition,andholdthegeoco
45、mpositedrainagainstthetrenchwall,topreventpossible“J”ingor“C”ingofthedrainduringbackfillingandcompaction.FIG.2ProperHorizontalAlignmentD6088 06 (2016)47.4.5 Class IVA MaterialsClass IVA materials require ageotechnical evaluation prior to use. These materials may notbe appropriate due to poor permeab
46、ility or water causedinstability, particularly under wheel loads.7.5 Moisture Content of Embedment MaterialThe mois-ture content of embedment materials must be within suitablelimits to permit placement and compaction to required densitylevels with reasonable effort.7.6 Maximum Aggregate SizeTo enhan
47、ce placementaround geocomposite drains and to prevent damage to thesestructures, the maximum aggregate size should be 19 mm (0.75in.).NOTE 1The Attenberg Limits shown in this figure are determined per Test Method D4318.FIG. 3 Classification of Materials for Potential Use as Embedment and Backfill of
48、 Various Components of Subsurface Drainage SystemsD6088 06 (2016)58. Trench Excavation8.1 GeneralProcedures for trench excavation that areespecially important in the installation of geocomposite drainsare given herein.8.1.1 ExcavationExcavate trenches to ensure that sideswill be stable and smooth.8.
49、2 Water ControlDo not lay or embed geocompositepavement drains in standing or flowing water.8.3 Trench WidthTrench width must be sufficient to pro-vide adequate space for compaction of the backfill usingcompaction equipment without damaging the geocompositedrainage panel. Specially designed equipment or premiumbackfill material (such as IA, IB, or II), or both, may enablesatisfactory installation in narrower trenches. If it is determinedthat the use of such equipment and backfill provides aninstallation consistent with the requirements of t
