1、Designation: D 6006 97a (Reapproved 2003)An American National StandardStandard Guide forAssessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information to assist in planning alaboratory test or series of tests fro
3、m which may be inferredinformation about the biodegradability of an unused fullyformulated hydraulic fluid in its original form. Biodegradabil-ity is one of three characteristics which are assessed whenjudging the environmental impact of a hydraulic fluid. Theother two characteristics are ecotoxicit
4、y and bioaccumulation.1.2 Biodegradability may be considered by type of environ-mental compartment: aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine,aerobic soil, and anaerobic media. Test methods for aerobicfresh water, aerobic soil and anaerobic media have beendeveloped that are appropriate for the concerns an
5、d needs oftesting in each compartment.1.3 This guide addresses releases to the environment thatare incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid but is not intendedto cover situations of major, accidental release. The testsdiscussed in this guide take a minimum of three to four weeks.Therefore, issues
6、relating to the biodegradability of hydraulicfluid are more effectively addressed before the fluid is used,and thus before incidental release may occur. Nothing in thisguide should be taken to relieve the user of the responsibilityto properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.4 This standard doe
7、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
8、dards:2D 5210 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Bio-degradation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of Mu-nicipal Sewage SludgeD 5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination ofCarbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Productsand LubricantsD 5480 Test for Motor Oil Volatility by Gas C
9、hromatogra-phyD 5864 Test Method for Determining the Aerobic AquaticBiodegradation of Lubricants and Their ComponentsE 1196 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodeg-radation Potential of Organic Chemicals2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9439:1990 Technical Corrigendum I, Water Quali-tyEvaluation in an
10、Aqueous Medium of the UltimateBiodegradability of Organic Compounds3ISO 4259:1992(E) Petroleum ProductsDetermination andApplication of Precision Data in Relation to Methods ofTest32.3 OECD Standards:OECD 301B (the Modified Sturm Test) Guidelines forTesting Chemicals4OECD 301F (the Manometric Respiro
11、metry Test) Guide-lines for Testing of Chemicals43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aerobic, adj1. taking place in the presence ofoxygen; 2. living or active in the presence of oxygen.3.1.2 anaerobic, adj1. taking place in the absence ofoxygen; 2. living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.3 bio
12、degradation, nthe process of chemical break-down or transformation of a substance caused by organisms ortheir enzymes.3.1.3.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only one mechanismby which materials are transformed in the environment.3.1.4 biomass, nany material, excluding fossil fuels,which is or was a liv
13、ing organism or component of a livingorganism.3.1.5 blank, nin biodegradability testing, a test systemcontaining all system components with the exception of the testsubstance.3.1.6 environmental compartment, na subdivision of theenvironment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.1This gui
14、de is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.12 onEnvironmental Standards for Lubricants.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition ap
15、proved in 1997 as D 600697a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National
16、 Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2 Rue Andre Pascal, S-75775, Paris CEDEX 16.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
17、States.3.1.6.1 DiscussionExamples of environmental compart-ments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, and aerobic soil.The results of test procedures may be applied to environmentalcompartments but the test systems do not constitute an envi-ronmental compartment.3.1.7 inoculum, nspores, bacteria
18、, single celled organ-isms, or other live materials that are introduced into a testmedium.3.1.8 preadaptation, nthe incubation of an inoculum inthe presence of the test substance which is done prior to theinitiation of the test and under conditions similar to the testconditions.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe
19、 aim of preadaptation is to improvethe precision of the test method by decreasing variability in therate of biodegradation produced by the inoculum. Preadapta-tion may mimic the natural processes which cause changes inthe microbial population of the inoculum leading to more rapidbiodegradation of th
20、e test substance, but it is not expected tochange the final degree of biodegradation.3.1.9 primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the testsubstance resulting in a change in its physical or chemicalproperties, or both.3.1.10 primary biodegradation test, na test which followsthe disappearance of a te
21、st substance by measuring someattribute of the substance.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of aprimary biodegradation test correspond to the biological con-version of the test substance will depend on the attribute whichis being measured.3.1.11 sonication, nthe act of subjecting a m
22、aterial to theshearing forces of high-frequency sound waves.3.1.11.1 DiscussionSonication of a two phase liquid sys-tem may result in the dispersal of one phase as fine droplets inthe other phase.3.1.12 ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achievedwhen a substance is totally utilized by microorgani
23、sms result-ing in the production of carbon dioxide (and possibly methanein the case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganiccompounds, and new microbial cellular constituents (biomassor secretions, or both).3.1.13 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which esti-mates the extent to which the c
24、arbon in a product is convertedto CO2or methane, either directly, by measuring the produc-tion of CO2or methane, or, in the case of aerobic biodegrada-tion, indirectly by measuring the consumption of O2.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe measurement of new biomassusually is not attempted.4. Summary of Guide4.1
25、This guide gives two kinds of information which relateto testing of hydraulic fluids for biodegradability. First, it givesinformation of a general nature relating to biodegradability. Forexample, it includes definitions of terms not traditionally usedby users or producers of hydraulic fluids (Sectio
26、n 3) and a briefdiscussion of some of the technical issues which are commonto most biodegradability tests when they are applied tohydraulic fluids (Section 7). Second, the guide gives morespecific information on the methods, advantages, and disad-vantages of several of the biodegradation tests frequ
27、ently usedfor hydraulic fluids (Section 6).5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide discusses ways to assess the likelihood that ahydraulic fluid will undergo biodegradation if it enters anenvironment that is known to support biodegradation of somesubstances, for example the material used as the positi
28、vecontrol in the test. The information can be used in making orassessing claims of biodegradability of a fluid formula.5.2 Biodegradation occurs when a fluid interacts with theenvironment, and so the extent of biodegradation is a functionof both the chemical composition of the hydraulic fluid and th
29、ephysical, chemical, and biological status of the environment atthe time the fluid enters it. This guide cannot assist in judgingthe status of a particular environment, so it is not meant toprovide standards for judging the persistence of a hydraulicfluid in any specific environment either natural o
30、r man-made.5.3 If any of the tests discussed in this guide gives a highresult, it implies that the hydraulic fluid will biodegrade andwill not persist in the environmental compartment beingconsidered. If a low result is obtained, it does not meannecessarily that the substance will not biodegrade in
31、theenvironment, but does mean that further testing is required if aclaim of biodegradability is to be made. Such testing mayinclude, but is not limited to, other tests mentioned in this guideor simulation tests for a particular environmental compartment.6. Test Methods6.1 Aerobic Fresh Water Environ
32、mentThe most com-monly performed tests cover aerobic biodegradation in freshwater. The tests conducted for this compartment may beultimate biodegradation tests measuring CO2production orprimary biodegradation tests measuring the disappearance ofthe test fluid. The test medium is based on high-grade,
33、carbon-free water. Some salts will be included as necessary formaintenance of solution pH and provision of trace mineralsnecessary for microbial life.6.1.1 The majority of ultimate biodegradation tests measureproduced CO2. Examples of test procedures for ultimatebiodegradability in an aerobic aquati
34、c environment are: theModified Sturm Test (OECD 301B); the ManometricRespirometry Test (OECD 301F); the U.S. EPA AerobicAquatic Biodegradation Test, which also is called the EPAShake Flask Test and was derived from the Gledhill Test (1);5Test Method D 5864; and the ISO Test 9439:1990. With theexcept
35、ion of Test Method D 5864, these tests were originallydesigned for water-soluble pure compounds and so the testprocedures allow some procedural options that are not suitablefor water-insoluble substances, such as addition of the testsubstance in an aqueous solution or calculation, rather thanmeasure
36、ment, of carbon content. In other tests, such as theManometric Respirometry Test, oxygen consumption is mea-sured as a surrogate for CO2production. Oxygen consumptionis not a direct measure of ultimate biodegradation but is5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the e
37、nd ofthis standard.D 6006 97a (2003)2expected to correlate closely with it. The procedures listed arescreening tests suitable for laboratory evaluation of the hydrau-lic fluid. Although all the tests referred to above specify that thelength of the test is 28 days, a high level of biodegradation inlo
38、nger time frames can be taken as evidence that the hydraulicfluid is ultimately biodegradable and nonpersistent in freshwater.6.1.1.1 If the biodegradability of a hydraulic fluid with anonnegligible vapor pressure is measured in any one of thesetests, except the OECD 301F, a false negative may resul
39、t. Thehydraulic fluid could vaporize from the test solution beforeconversion to CO2. In this case a biodegradable fluid wouldhave a low measured percent theoretical CO2. If the aerobicaquatic biodegradability of a volatile hydraulic fluid is to bemeasured, the OECD 301F test should be used.6.1.2 Tes
40、ts for primary biodegradation must be designed forspecific classes of test substances. The results of a primarybiodegradation test should not be considered equivalent to orsubstitutable for the results of an ultimate biodegradation test.6.1.2.1 The most commonly performed primary biodegra-dation tes
41、t for lubricants is the CEC L-33-A-94 test, developedby the Coordinating European Council in the early 1980s andapproved by the CEC in 1993. This test, which was called theCEC L-33-T-82 test prior to approval, measures the IRabsorption spectrum of saturated carbons found in the testmaterials. It was
42、 designed specifically for two-stroke outboardengine lubricants; however, it is frequently used for measuringthe biodegradability of other lubricants. It is suitable formeasuring the primary biodegradation of hydraulic fluids ifthey have methylene hydrogens (-CH2-) in their chemicalstructures. CEC r
43、esults for some materials have been found tocorrelate with the results of ultimate biodegradation tests, butfor some substances results from the CEC L-33-A-94 testover-predict ultimate biodegradability results (2, 3, 4, 5). Thetest is not suitable for either volatile or water soluble testmaterials.6
44、.2 Aerobic Marine EnvironmentTests for oil biodegrada-tion in a marine environment are cited in the literature andOECD has published a standardized method, OECD 306 (6).At the present time the standardized method has not beenwidely used, and there are significant uncertainties regardingthe test meth
45、ods cited in literature. Each case must be exam-ined individually.6.2.1 The OECD 306 test method has two options for thetest procedure: the Shake Flask Method (which is not the sameas the U.S. EPA Shake Flask Test) and the Closed BottleMethod. The Shake Flask Method measures dissolved organiccarbon
46、(DOC) and is not suitable for substances with low watersolubility (less the 2 mg/L). If poorly soluble substances aretested with this test method, unchanged and undissolvedcarbon will be removed from the test system during a filtrationstep and the test substance will appear to have biodegradedwhen i
47、t has not. The Closed Bottle Method measures oxygencontent of the test system and OECD states in the method thatit is not recommended for substances with low water solubility.6.3 Aerobic Soil EnvironmentTest procedures in aerobicsoils are not as well developed as test procedures for aerobicaqueous e
48、nvironments (7). It is not possible to sterilize soilwithout drastically changing its physical properties, so a sterilestarting soil similar in function to high-grade, carbon-freewater, is not possible. The inoculum for these test proceduresis typically the microbial community that naturally resides
49、 inthe soil sample used for the test. No further augmentationgenerally is required. The sources of the soil samples should bereported with test results. A low result in any soil test may notmean that the hydraulic fluid will persist in an aerobic soilenvironment, but does mean that more testing is required.6.3.1 With modifications, published tests for aerobic bio-degradation in soils could be suitable for hydraulic fluids, butnone of the available standardized tests can be used as written.In some cases only minor changes are necessary, such asdevelopment of a m
