1、Designation: D 5818 06Standard Practice forExposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate InstallationDamage of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtain-ing samples of geosynthetics from a test sectio
3、n for use inassessment of the effects of damage immediately after instal-lation caused only by the installation techniques. The assess-ment may include physical testing. This practice is applicableto any geosynthetic.1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections, anddoes not address labor
4、atory modeling of field conditions. Thispractice does not address which test method(s) to use forquantifying installation damage.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
5、 appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4873 Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling ofGeosynthetic Rolls and Samples3. Terminology3.1 De
6、finitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering-related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system.3.1.2 sample, n(1) a portion of material that is taken fortesting or for
7、 record purposes; (2) a group of specimens used,or of observations made, which provide information that can beused for making statistical inferences about the population(s)from which the specimens are drawn.3.1.3 test section, na distinct area of actual or simulatedfull-scale construction.3.1.4 For
8、definitions of other geosynthetic terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminology D 4439.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Damage to geosynthetics from installation operationsmay be quantified by evaluating specimens from a sample(s)exhumed from a full-scale installation. The sample(s) shouldbe installed u
9、sing project specific procedures and materials.When project specific materials and/or procedures are un-known, generally accepted, representative materials and pro-cedures, should be used and thoroughly documented andreported. Addressed within this practice are: amount of geo-synthetic sample(s) to
10、install procedures for installing thegeosynthetic sample(s); procedures for exhuming the geosyn-thetic sample(s); procedure for obtaining control sample(s);and report preparation guidelines. The sample(s) should beretrieved immediately after installation to minimize potentialaging of the geosyntheti
11、c. Comparison of test results onexhumed and control specimens may be used to assess effectsof installation. Tests to perform are not addressed herein, andwill vary with the type and function of geosynthetic and projectrequirements.5. Significance and Use5.1 The ability to maintain design function (f
12、or example,reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties(for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), orboth, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to thephysical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of fieldinstallation. The effect of damage may be as
13、sessed by analyz-ing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation ina representative test section. Analysis may be performed withvisual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from thecontrol sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retr
14、ieving repre-sentative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assessinstallation damage using project specific or generally ac-cepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibi
15、lity of Subcommittee D35.01 on MechanicalProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5818 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
16、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.specific grade and type of geosynthetic under s
17、pecific installa-tion procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed froma full-scale test section.6. Procedure6.1 ObjectiveGeosynthetic and soil placement techniquesshall model the methods anticipated during construction butmay also be designed to model hypothetical conditions such asvarious deg
18、rees of compaction, lift heights, drop heights,equipment operations, and/or types of fill material.6.2 Exhumed Sample:6.2.1 The amount of geosynthetic to install in and retrievefrom a test section is a function of the type and number oflaboratory tests to be conducted for assessment of damage. Anamo
19、unt of material sufficient to obtain 20 tests on representa-tive specimens. for each type of test should be installed foreach set of installation conditions.6.2.2 The test sample should be marked prior to installationand exhumation, or a template made, showing the exactlocation where specimens for t
20、esting are to be obtained. Theyshall also be labeled with sufficient information to assureidentification of the exposed sample and associated exposureconditions, such as: geosynthetic and fill type. Machine andtransverse machine direction of specimens shall be designated.Designation of specimen loca
21、tions is recommended to elimi-nate potential bias in specimen selection after the geosynthetichas been damaged. Alternate areas may also be designated inthe event the primary specimen area is damaged by exhuma-tion.6.3 Control Sample:6.3.1 Control or base line (un-installed) sample(s) of thegeosynth
22、etic being investigated shall be from the same roll ofmaterial that is to be installed in the test section. Sample(s)from each roll of geosynthetic shall be gathered in cases wheremultiple geosynthetic rolls are used in the test section. Docu-ment all control sample information pertinent to sample s
23、uchas: date of manufacture, manufacturer or supplier, geosyntheticgrade and type, machine and transverse machine directions,and roll and lot number, if available. These control samplesshall be handled and stored (see Guide D 4873) in such amanner to eliminate, or minimize, damage or degradation (for
24、example, exposure to ultraviolet light).6.3.2 The orientation of the exhumed sample(s) and controlsample(s) are to be documented. That is, the left and right handsides of each sample must correspond. It is also recommendedthat the control sample should be a direct continuation of theexhumed sample s
25、o as to minimize differences in control andexhumed specimen properties due to inherent product variabil-ity.6.3.3 The positions of the test specimens on the controlsample, relative to roll edge, should correspond with thepositions of the exhumed sample.6.4 Installation Procedure:6.4.1 The soil subgr
26、ade or initial lift on which the geosyn-thetic(s) will be placed shall be constructed to specifiedconditions of soil type, moisture content and compaction.Construction equipment used should be the same as to be usedto construct overlying lifts, unless otherwise requested. Thegeosynthetic should be i
27、nstalled in accordance with projectspecific procedures. When project specific procedures and/ormaterials are not known, representative equipment, materialsand procedures should be used and thoroughly documented.6.4.2 The material to be placed above the geosyntheticunder investigation will typically
28、be a soil or rock fill, oranother geosynthetic material(s) with soil then placed upon it.In the case of another geosynthetic, it also shall be placed inaccordance with project specific procedures. When projectspecific procedures and/or materials are not known, represen-tative equipment, materials an
29、d procedures should be used andthoroughly documented.NOTE 1In certain situations, such as multiple layer installations,movement of individual layers in test sections may occur. Care should betaken to ensure that stress and potential slippage conditions in the testsections simulate actual field condi
30、tions, as closely as possible.6.4.3 Fill placement above the geosynthetic shall modelexpected field conditions. Construction equipment used in fillplacement should be the same as that to be used in subsequentconstruction of the earth structure. Equipment shall be operatedin accordance with project s
31、pecific procedures. When projectspecific equipment, procedures and/or materials are not known,representative equipment, materials and procedures should beused and thoroughly documented.6.4.4 Spread fill into lifts above the geosynthetic modelingexpected field conditions. Construction equipment used
32、in fillspreading should be in accordance with project specific proce-dures. When project specific equipment, procedures and/ormaterials are not known, representative equipment, materialsand procedures should be used and thoroughly documented.6.4.5 Fill lift compaction above the geosynthetic shallmod
33、el expected field conditions. Construction equipment usedin soil compaction should be in accordance with projectspecifications. When project specific equipment, proceduresand/or materials are not known, representative equipment,materials and procedures should be used and thoroughlydocumented.NOTE 2C
34、ommonly used procedures include the following: 200 mmsoil lifts compacted to 90 % Modified Proctor density using a minimum4500 kg (total) vibratory steel roll (single or tandem). Typical soils/aggregates include coarse gravel (GP, d50 20 mm) concrete sand (SWd50 1.0 mm) or silty sand (SM d50 0.4 mm)
35、.NOTE 3Following placement and compaction for the lift, procedurescould include the simulation of post construction traffic such as loadedtrucks moving transversely over the test section.6.5 Exhuming of Samples:6.5.1 Samples from the test section should be exhumedwithin 48 hours after installation.6
36、.5.2 Method(s) employed to exhume the samples shallprevent or minimize additional damage to the geosynthetic.Document the method (s) used to exhume samples.NOTE 4Extreme caution should be exercise if using mechanicalequipment to remove soil covering the geosynthetic. Careful “hand”removal methods ar
37、e preferred near the geosynthetic.6.5.3 Areas of the geosynthetic damaged during removalshall be identified (for example, spray painted) and designatedas being non-representative of installation damage.D58180626.5.4 Exhumed samples shall be handled and stored in sucha manner to eliminate, or minimiz
38、e further damage or degra-dation (for example, exposure to ultraviolet light).7. Report7.1 Report the following information:7.1.1 The construction equipment, procedures and materialsused for the test section(s) including, but not limited to,equipment types, equipment operation, subgrade and fill typ
39、esand gradation, maximum particle size, fill placement, compac-tion requirements, fill compaction control technique(s), and theexhumation system employed.7.1.2 Geosynthetic material(s) identification such as manu-facturer or supplier, style number, roll numbers, material gradeand type, if available.
40、7.1.3 Laboratory test(s) to be conducted on both exhumedand control samples.7.1.4 Conditioning of samples prior to testing (for example,washing and removing of soil, drying, etc.).7.1.5 Identify any specimens rejected and alternative speci-mens added due to unrepresentative damage.7.1.6 Test section
41、 construction quality control measure-ments such as lift thickness, density, moisture content, grada-tion curves, number of soil lifts, type and number of passes ofconstruction equipment and the number of passes of thecompactor.7.1.7 Typical photographs of test section construction.8. Precision and
42、Bias8.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this practice since it does not address which test method(s)to use for quantifying installation damage.9. Keywords9.1 construction; fill; geosynthetics; installation damage;sampling; soil; test sectionASTM International takes no posit
43、ion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibilit
44、y.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
45、 International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address s
46、hown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5818063
