1、Designation: D5798 12Standard Specification forEthanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the
3、 requirements for automo-tive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in groundvehicles equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines.Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume %ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and issometimes referred to at retail a
4、s “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appen-dix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied forseasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lowertemperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operabil-ity. Ethanol content and
5、 selection of hydrocarbon blendstockare adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressurerequirements. Hydrocarbon blendstocks for meeting ethanolfuel blends performance requirements are unleaded gasoline,gasoline blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs), naturalgasoline or other hydrocarbons in
6、 the gasoline boiling range.1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also knowncommercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” hasbeen changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish thisproduct from denatured fuel ethanol Specifica
7、tion D4806.Tofacilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonalvapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanolcontent has been established.1.4 The United States government has established variousprograms for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions ofalternative fuel used by th
8、ese programs may be more restrictivethan the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 foradditional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 The followin
9、g safety hazard caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
10、and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD381 Test Method for
11、 Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-duction Period Method)D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD1688 Test Methods for Copper in WaterD4057 Practic
12、e for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 S
13、pecification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPe
14、troleum Products and Lubricants and is under the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published February 2013. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D579811. DOI:10.1520/D5798-12.2For
15、referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardC
16、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)3D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Pro
17、d-ucts (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Content ofDenatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas ChromatographyD5854 Practice f
18、or Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of Ethanol,Denatured Fuel Ethanol, and Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)D7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol byDirect
19、Injection Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride inFuel Ethanol by Ion Chromatography Using AqueousSample InjectionD7795 Test Method for Acidity in Ethanol and EthanolBlends by TitrationE203 Test Meth
20、od for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 Government Standards:4United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 802.3 SAE Papers:5SAE 2007014006 A Model for Estimating Vapor Pres-sures of Comm
21、ingled Ethanol Fuels3. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 denaturants, nmaterials added to ethanol to make itunsuitable for beverage use under a formula approved by aregulatory agency to prevent the imposition of beveragealcohol tax.3.2.1.1 Discu
22、ssionDenaturants are only those materialsadded by the denaturer to comply with the approved formula;any materials absorbed later are not denaturants. D48063.2.2 denatured fuel ethanolfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable reg
23、ulatory agency to prevent theimposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.3 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH. D48063.2.4 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquidhydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts ofadditives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internalcomb
24、ustion engines. D48143.2.5 methanol, nmethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundCH3OH.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operateon either unleaded gasoline or ethanol fuel blends or mixturesof both.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIn the United States,
25、 these vehicleshave U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline comply-ing with U.S. EPA requirements and ethanol fuel blends thatmeet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.3.2 hydrocarbon, na compound composed solely ofhydrogen and carbon.3.3.2.1 DiscussionThe hydrocarbons used in ethanol
26、fuelblends will be unleaded gasoline, gasoline blendstock foroxygenate blending (BOB), natural gasoline or other hydrocar-bons in the gasoline boiling range. The hydrocarbon blendcomponents will also contain trace quantities of other ele-ments.3.3.3 pHea measure of the acid strength of alcohol fuels
27、.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchasing agency shall:4.1.1 Indicate the season and locality in which the fuel is tobe used,4.1.2 If requested, ensure that the ethanol concentrationmeets the requirements for an alternative fuel for federal fleets.4.1.2.1 The composition of alternative fuels in the
28、 UnitedStates is regulated by various government agencies and regu-lations including the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) andU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard tofuel properties including volatility, this specification can bemore or less restrictive than DOE or EPArules, regulati
29、ons andwaivers. To qualify as an alternative fuel for federal fleet use inthe United States, the ethanol blend is required to meet the U.S.Department of Energys definition of alternative fuels, enactedunder the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Title III, Sec. 301). Forethanol, the Act defines “alternative
30、 fuel” as a mixture con-taining denatured ethanol at a volume of “85 percent or more(or such other percentage, but not less than 70 percent, asdetermined by the Secretary, by rule.).” Correcting for dena-turant content, a blend of 70 to 85 volume % denatured fuelethanol contains 68 to 83 volume % et
31、hanol as measured byTest Method D5501. The U.S. government has other programsand definitions for alternative fuels. Users of this specificationare advised to check with the applicable regulatory agency forspecific alternative fuel requirements.5. Ethanol Fuel Blends Performance Requirements5.1 Ethan
32、ol fuel blends shall conform to the requirements ofTable 1. Ethanol content requirements for ethanol alternativefuel blends can be found in 4.1.2.1.NOTE 1Most of the requirements cited are based on the best technicalinformation currently available. Requirements for sulfur, phosphorus, and3The last a
33、pproved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4A printed copy of the Code of Federal Regulations may be purchased from theU.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. CapitolStreet, N.W., Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or the online store atht
34、tp:/bookstore.gpo.gov/. The Code of Federal Regulations may be browsed onlineat http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.5Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.D5798 122lead are based on the use of gasoline defined in Specification D4
35、814 andthe understanding that control of these elements will affect catalystlifetime.5.1.1 Vapor pressure is varied for seasonal and climaticchanges by providing four vapor pressure classes for ethanolfuel blends.The seasonal and geographical distribution for fourvapor pressure classes is shown in T
36、able 2. Class 1 encom-passes geographical areas with 6-h tenth percentile minimumambient temperature of greater than 5C (41F). Class 2encompasses geographical areas with 6-h tenth percentileminimum ambient temperature of greater than 5C (23F) butless than +5C (41F). Class 3 encompasses geographical
37、areaswith 6-h tenth percentile minimum ambient temperaturegreater than 13C (9F) but less than or equal to 5C (23F).Class 4 encompasses geographical areas with 6-h tenth percen-tile minimum ambient temperature less than or equal to 13C(9F).5.1.2 The hydrocarbons blended with the denatured fuelethanol
38、 shall have a maximum boiling point of 225C (437F)by Test Method D86, oxidation stability of 240-min minimumby Test Method D525, and No. 1 maximum copper stripcorrosion by Test Method D130, and No. 1 maximum silverstrip corrosion by the test method listed in Annex A1 inSpecification D4814.5.1.3 The
39、denaturant for the denatured fuel ethanol used inmaking ethanol fuel blends shall meet the requirements ofSection 5 in Specification D4806.5.1.4 Ethanol fuel blends of any volatility class shall meetthe same limits for lead and phosphorus as required by U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regu
40、lations for un-leaded gasoline.5.1.4.1 The intentional addition of lead or phosphoruscompounds to ethanol fuel blends is not permitted. EPAregulations limit their maximum concentrations in unleadedgasoline to 0.05 g lead/US gal (0.013 g/L) and 0.005 gphosphorus/US gal (0.0013 g/L), respectively. Det
41、ails of theEPA regulations and test methods are available in the UnitedStates Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 80.6. Workmanship6.1 Ethanol fuel blends shall be visually free of sedimentand suspended matter. They shall be clear and bright at theambient temperature or 21C (70F), whichever
42、is higher.6.2 The specification defines only a basic purity for ethanolfuel blends. The product shall be free of any adulterant orcontaminant that can render the material unacceptable for itscommonly used applications.6.2.1 Manufacturers and blenders of ethanol fuel blendsshall avoid ethanol (for ex
43、ample, improperly recycled ethanol),or denaturants and hydrocarbon blend components contami-nated by silicon-containing materials, or both. Silicon contami-nation of gasoline, denatured ethanol, and their blends has ledto fouled vehicle components (for example, spark plugs,exhaust oxygen sensors, ca
44、talytic converters) requiring partsreplacement and repairs. There is no ASTM approved testmethod for determining silicon compounds in gasoline,gasoline-oxygenate blends, denaturants, hydrocarbon blendcomponents, or denatured fuel ethanol, although some labora-tories are possibly using non-ASTM test
45、methods.7. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling7.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling to better understand the importanceand effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.7.2 Correct sampling
46、procedures are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D4057 for manual methodsampling and in Practice D4177 for automatic sampling, asapplicable.TABLE 1 Requirements for Ethanol Fuel BlendsAProperties Class 1BClass 2 Class 3
47、Class 4 Test MethodsVapor pressure, kPa (psi) 3859(5.58.5)4865(7.09.5)5983(8.512.0)66103(9.515.0)D4953,D5190,orD5191All ClassesCEthanol Content, volume % 5183 D5501Methanol Content, max, volume % 0.5 D5501Sulfur Content, max, mg/kg 80 D5453Acidity, (as acetic acid CH3COOH),mass % (mg/L), max0.005 (4
48、0) D1613 orD7795Solvent-washed gum content,max, mg/100 mL5 D381pHe6.5to9.0 D6423Unwashed gum content, max,mg/100 mL20 D381Inorganic chloride content, max,mg/kg1 D7319 orD7328Copper content, max, mg/L 0.07 D1688Water content, max, mass % 1.0 E203 orE1064AFor information on alternative fuels, see 4.1.
49、2.1.BSee 5.1.1 for volatility class criteria.CEthanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet vapor pressure requirements. See X1.3.2 for additional information andguidance for blending.D5798 123TABLE 2 Seasonal and Geographical Volatility Specifications for Ethanol Fuel BlendsNOTE 1This schedule, subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, denotes the vapor pressure class of the fuel at the time and placeof bulk delivery to fuel-dispensing facilities for the end user. Shipmen
